The efficacy of psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is likely limited by the difficulty participants have learning and remembering important therapy content. Accordingly, the present study will examine the utility of integrating a Memory Support (MS) intervention into Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), an empirically supported and widely disseminated treatment for PTSD. MS was designed to integrate techniques aimed at facilitating encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of new learning into existing treatments, and has been shown to improve outcomes when integrated into cognitive therapy for depression. A pilot randomized controlled trial (n=52) comparing CPT with Memory Support (CPT+MS) to CPT-alone will be conducted. Study participants will be adults diagnosed with PTSD. The primary aim of the trial will be to determine if CPT+MS will lead to greater memory and learning of therapy content relative to CPT-alone, and to establish the acceptability and feasibility of integrating MS into CPT. Secondary aims include a preliminary examination of treatment efficacy, as indicated by the magnitude of changes in PTSD symptoms between conditions, and target validation, as indicated by associations between memory and learning of therapy content and treatment response. Exploratory analyses will examine several indicators of baseline memory-related cognitive functioning as predictors of memory and learning of therapy content, providing preliminary data to inform future research on personalized application of MS. Results of the trial will advance scientific knowledge about methods for optimizing memory and learning as a mechanism for improving PTSD treatment outcomes.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
100
CPT will be delivered over the course of 12 one-hour weekly sessions (maximum of 18 weeks to complete treatment). Participants will have the option of receiving CPT in-person or via videoconferencing.
The MS protocol consists of eight strategies: categorization, evaluation, application, cue-based reminders, practice remembering, attention recruitment, praising recall, and repetitions.
VA Boston Healthcare System
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States
RECRUITINGMid-treatment Memory of therapy content assessed by the Therapy Recall Task
The Therapy Recall Task involves participants writing down as many distinct "treatment points" as they can in a 10-minute period. Treatment points are defined as insights, skills, or strategies they think are important to remember or implement as part of their therapy. Responses are scored based on the number of distinct treatment points described.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Post-treatment Memory of therapy content assessed by the Therapy Recall Task
The Therapy Recall Task involves participants writing down as many distinct "treatment points" as they can in a 10-minute period. Treatment points are defined as insights, skills, or strategies they think are important to remember or implement as part of their therapy. Responses are scored based on the number of distinct treatment points described.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Follow-up Memory of therapy content assessed by the Therapy Recall Task
The Therapy Recall Task involves participants writing down as many distinct "treatment points" as they can in a 10-minute period. Treatment points are defined as insights, skills, or strategies they think are important to remember or implement as part of their therapy. Responses are scored based on the number of distinct treatment points described.
Time frame: 6 months
Feasibility assessed by mean CPT Adherence
CPT adherence is defined as the portion of CPT protocol elements completed across therapy sessions, rated from 0-100%. This will be assessed via observer ratings of a random selection of 25% of tapes/session recordings from each treatment condition using the CPT Therapist Adherence and Competence Protocol - Revised. Completion of ≥ 90% mean adherence to protocol elements indicates high CPT adherence, and would be an indicator of feasibility of CPT+MS.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Feasibility assessed by mean CPT Competence
CPT competence will be assessed via observer ratings of a random selection of 25% of tapes/session recordings from each treatment condition of the competence with which CPT protocol elements are delivered, rated from 1 (poor) to 7 (excellent). This will be assessed via observer ratings of a random selection of session recordings using the CPT Therapist Adherence and Competence Protocol - Revised. A mean skill rating of "good" or higher (≥5 on a 7-point Likert scale) on protocol elements indicates high CPT competence, and would be an indicator of feasibility of CPT+MS.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Feasibility assessed by the Memory Support Rating Scale (MSRS)
The Memory Support Rating Scale (MSRS) is an an observer-rated scale used to measure the type and frequency of Memory Support strategies used. A greater number of Memory Support strategies used in the CPT+MS condition compared to CPT will indicate feasibility of CPT+MS. A random selection of 25% of tapes from each treatment condition will be assessed to derive the mean Memory Support strategies used.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Treatment acceptability after Session 1 assessed by the Credibility and Expectancy (CEQ) questionnaire
The CEQ is a 6-item questionnaire that assesses how credible participants think the treatment they are receiving is and how much they expect to benefit, measured after the initial treatment session. The potential range of scores is 6 to 54 and higher scores indicating greater treatment credibility/acceptability.
Time frame: 1 week
Mid-treatment acceptability assessed by the Working Alliance Inventory Short-Revised (WAI-R)
The WAI-R is a 12-item self-report questionnaire that measures three aspects of the therapeutic alliance: agreement on tasks, agreement on goals, and affective bond with the therapist. The potential range of scores is 12 to 60 and higher scores indicate stronger therapeutic alliance/treatment acceptability.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Post-treatment acceptability assessed by the Working Alliance Inventory Short-Revised (WAI-R)
The WAI-R is a 12-item self-report questionnaire that measures three aspects of the therapeutic alliance: agreement on tasks, agreement on goals, and affective bond with the therapist. The potential range of scores is 12 to 60 and higher scores indicate stronger therapeutic alliance/treatment acceptability.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Mid-treatment client satisfaction assessed by the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ)
The CSQ is an 8-item self-report questionnaire that assesses client satisfaction with the treatment they received. The potential range of scores is 8 to 32 and higher scores suggest greater client satisfaction/treatment acceptability.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Post-treatment client satisfaction assessed by the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ)
The CSQ is an 8-item self-report questionnaire that assesses client satisfaction with the treatment they received. The potential range of scores is 8 to 32 and higher scores suggest greater client satisfaction/treatment acceptability.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Mid-treatment Memory of Therapy Content assessed by the Treatment Thoughts and Application Task
The Treatment Thoughts and Application Task assesses the number of treatment points participants thought about and applied in the previous 24 hours. Higher numbers of treatment points indicate greater memory and learning of therapy content.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Post-treatment Memory of Therapy Content assessed by the Treatment Thoughts and Application Task
The Treatment Thoughts and Application Task assesses the number of treatment points participants thought about and applied in the previous 24 hours. Higher numbers of treatment points indicate greater memory and learning of therapy content.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Follow-up Memory of Therapy Content assessed by the Treatment Thoughts and Application Task
The Treatment Thoughts and Application Task assesses the number of treatment points participants thought about and applied in the previous 24 hours. Higher numbers of treatment points indicate greater memory and learning of therapy content.
Time frame: 6 months
Mid-treatment Change in Memory of Therapy Content assessed by the Generalization Task
The Generalization Task asks participants to imagine two scenarios that commonly elicit symptom-related distress and asks how they would respond. Responses are coded based on the number of treatment points accurately described. Higher numbers of treatment points indicate greater ability to generalize/learn and remember therapy content.
Time frame: Baseline, 6 weeks
Post-treatment Change in Memory of Therapy Content assessed by the Generalization Task
The Generalization Task asks participants to imagine two scenarios that commonly elicit symptom-related distress and asks how they would respond. Responses are coded based on the number of treatment points accurately described. Higher numbers of treatment points indicate greater ability to generalize/learn and remember therapy content.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
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Follow-up Change in Memory of Therapy Content assessed by the Generalization Task
The Generalization Task asks participants to imagine two scenarios that commonly elicit symptom-related distress and asks how they would respond. Responses are coded based on the number of treatment points accurately described. Higher numbers of treatment points indicate greater ability to generalize/learn and remember therapy content.
Time frame: Baseline, 6 months
Mid-treatment Skills of Cognitive Therapy (SoCT) - Patient
The SoCT - Patient is an 8-item self-report measure assessing comprehension and application of cognitive therapy skills. Scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater skill use and comprehension.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Post-treatment Skills of Cognitive Therapy (SoCT) - Patient
The SoCT - Patient is an 8-item self-report measure assessing comprehension and application of cognitive therapy skills. Scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater skill use and comprehension.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Follow-up Skills of Cognitive Therapy (SoCT) - Patient
The SoCT - Patient is an 8-item self-report measure assessing comprehension and application of cognitive therapy skills. Scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater skill use and comprehension.
Time frame: 6 months
Mid-treatment Skills of Cognitive Therapy (SoCT) - Therapist
The SoCT - Therapist is an 8-item measure assessing therapist's perception of their patient's comprehension and application of cognitive therapy skills. Scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater skill use and comprehension.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Post-treatment Skills of Cognitive Therapy (SoCT) - Therapist
The SoCT - Therapist is an 8-item measure assessing therapist's perception of their patient's comprehension and application of cognitive therapy skills. Scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater skill use and comprehension.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Post-treatment Change in PTSD symptoms assessed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
The CAPS-5 is a structured interview that will be used to assess PTSD severity based on the severity and frequency of the 20 DSM-5 symptom criteria of PTSD. Scores range from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Follow-up Change in PTSD symptoms assessed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
The CAPS-5 is a structured interview that will be used to assess PTSD severity based on the severity and frequency of the 20 DSM-5 symptom criteria of PTSD. Scores range from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD.
Time frame: Baseline, 6 months
Post-treatment Change in PTSD symptoms assessed by the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
The PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report measure PTSD symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Follow-up Change in PTSD symptoms assessed by the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
The PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report measure PTSD symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating more severe PTSD.
Time frame: Baseline, 6 months
Post-treatment Change in Depression symptoms assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9)
The PHQ is a 9-item self-report measure of depression symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating more severe depression.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Follow-up Change in Depression symptoms assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9)
The PHQ is a 9-item self-report measure of depression symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating more severe depression.
Time frame: Baseline, 6 months
Post-treatment Change in general functioning assessed by the WHO Disability Assessment Scale-II (WHODAS-II)
The WHODAS-II is a 36-item self-report questionnaire measuring disability and general functioning. Scores range from 0 to 144, with higher scores indicating greater disability/lower functioning
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Follow-up Change in general functioning assessed by the WHO Disability Assessment Scale-II (WHODAS-II)
The WHODAS-II is a 36-item self-report questionnaire measuring disability and general functioning. Scores range from 0 to 144, with higher scores indicating greater disability/lower functioning
Time frame: Baseline, 6 months