Aim of the study is to investigate the effects of high-protein, ultraprocessed foods on the regulation of energy balance in a metabolic chamber. The primary outcome parameter of the study is the energy balance (ad libitum energy intake and energy expenditure).
Each of the two study weeks starts with a 3-day run-in period with controlled diet at home, following 48 hours in a metabolic chamber. On the day the participants leave the metabolic chamber, they keep a food record over the rest of the day at home. 1. week: meals containing 30 % protein (80 % ultraprocessed high-protein foods), physical activity level (PAL) 1.45, 2 intervention days in the metabolic chamber: ad libitum energy intake 2. week: meals containing 13 % protein (80 % ultraprocessed foods with moderate protein content), physical activity level (PAL) 1.45, 2 intervention days in the metabolic chamber: ad libitum energy intake
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
24
48 hours intervention with a 'high protein' ad libitum diet (30 % protein; 80 % commercially available ultraprocessed foods) to measure energy balance in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.45
48 hours intervention with a 'moderate protein' ad libitum diet (13 % protein; 80 % commercially available ultraprocessed foods) to measure energy balance in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.45
Institute of Human Nutrition
Kiel, Germany
ad libitum energy intake
ad libitum energy intake (kcal/day) of the foods consumed (breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks)
Time frame: 24 hours
energy expenditure
measured with indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber (kcal/day)
Time frame: 24 hours
macronutrient oxidation
measured with indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber (respiratory quotient, RQ)
Time frame: 24 hours
glycemia - glucose AUC
glucose AUC from continuous glucose monitoring data (mg/dL x 24 hours)
Time frame: 24 hours
eating rate
time to finish the meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner), (kcal/min; g/min)
Time frame: 3 x 30 per 24 hours (during main meals)
oral processing behaviour (chewing)
chews per bite, bite size, oral exposure per bite
Time frame: 3 x 30 per 24 hours (during main meals)
gastric emptying
measured with 13C-octanoic acid breath test
Time frame: 5 hours after breakfast on first day of each intervention; intervals 15 min
appetite regulating hormone - ghrelin
Ghrelin concentration in plasma (15 hours AUC; pg/mL)
Time frame: 5 hours after breakfast on second day of each intervention; intervals 30 min
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
appetite regulating hormone - GLP-1
Glucose Like Peptide-1 concentration in plasma (15 hours AUC; pg/mL)
Time frame: 5 hours after breakfast on second day of each intervention; intervals 30 min
appetite regulating hormone - PYY
Peptide YY concentration in plasma (15 hours AUC; pg/mL)
Time frame: 5 hours after breakfast on second day of each intervention; intervals 30 min
appetite control - subjective feelings of hunger
measured with visual analogue scales (5 hours AUC; mm x 5 hours). The scale consists of a 10 cm vertical line anchored with "not hungry at all" at the left side and with "extremely hungry" at the right side.
Time frame: 5 hours after breakfast on first day of each intervention; intervals 30 min