The population in Taiwan is rapidly aging with an increasing proportion of older persons who experience cognitive difficulties but are otherwise physically healthy. As such there is a critical and urgent need for effective interventions to enhance older adult cognitive health. This present sub-project is part of the larger integrated project that will address this need by conducting cognitive training interventions on community older adults using the National Taiwan Science Education Center (NTSEC) as the public engagement window and collecting research behavioral and neurophysiological data to empirically and objectively examine intervention efficacies. In this sub-project, the investigators implement a clinical trial to evaluate an open-ended, flexible cognitive training intervention in middle to older adults aged 50 yrs or above using a 12-week Lego Robot Programming (Lego RP) protocol developed in the investigators' lab at the Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University. The Lego RP training requires participants to generate and update abstract mental hypotheses of the effect of program codes on the physical actions of a robot based on how the robot behaves. Such mental processing is thought to drive flexible coordination between neural processes in the brain and benefit a broad range of cognitive abilities in older adults. The investigators target to obtain pre- and post-intervention behavioral and neurophysiological data (including brain imaging indicators) in 40 experimental participants, 40 active control participants, and 40 passive control participants over a period of 3 years.
The population in Taiwan is rapidly aging with an increasing proportion of older persons who experience cognitive difficulties but are otherwise physically healthy. As such there is a critical and urgent need for effective interventions to enhance older adult cognitive health. This present sub-project is part of the larger integrated project that will address this need by conducting cognitive training interventions on community older adults using the National Taiwan Science Education Center (NTSEC) as the public engagement window and collecting research behavioral and neurophysiological data to empirically and objectively examine intervention efficacies. In this sub-project, the investigators implement a clinical trial to evaluate an open-ended, flexible cognitive training intervention in middle to older adults aged 50 yrs or above using a 12-week Lego Robot Programming (Lego RP) protocol developed in the investigators' lab at the Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University. The Lego RP training requires participants to generate and update abstract mental hypotheses of the effect of program codes on the physical actions of a robot based on how the robot behaves. Such mental processing is thought to drive flexible coordination between neural processes in the brain and benefit a broad range of cognitive abilities in older adults. The investigators target to obtain pre- and post-intervention behavioral and neurophysiological data (including brain imaging indicators) in 40 experimental participants, 40 active control participants, and 40 passive control participants over a period of 3 years. The investigators will also coordinate with the other sub-projects to assign participants to the different interventions involved as well as research data collection, which is shared. In contrast to previous studies of older adult cognitive training, the investigators expect this present approach, which leverages neurocognitive principles, to result in notable transfer between different cognitive abilities, and meaningful impact on daily functioning. The NTSEC recently seeks to engage the public, particularly children and older adults in STEAM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) to inspire and equip the population with the spirit of learning, discovery, and challenge-seeking, which is thought to raise mental resilience. Thus, the investigators' public outreach and research goals are highly complementary and the work is expected to yield more ecologically valid research data on a novel class of cognitive interventions for cognitive aging using psychological and brain imaging techniques to bridge critical neural mechanistic knowledge gaps. In addition, the research study will apply real public education benefits in society for those approximately 300 older participants who will participate in this study.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
48
Participants will adapt their own Lego robot programs to achieve specific task goals.
Participating will undergo Lego robot programming training that engages them to follow fixed programming coding steps.
Participants will play board games with each other.
College of Medicine, National Taiwan University
Taipei, Taiwan
National Taiwan Science Education Center
Taipei, Taiwan
Changes of neural functional activity during inferential processing
Participants will undergo a Rule Inference fMRI task to infer underlying rules that map color configurations of circles in a triangular arrangement to a target color category within as few tries as possible under active or passive conditions. The goal for participants will be to infer the cue-category association rules using as few cues as possible. The primary outcome measure here is the degree of neural response estimate change in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal pre- and post-intervention.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Changes of overall accuracy during inferential processing
Changes from pre- to post-intervention in participant overall accuracy in identifying latent rules in the Rule Inference fMRI task.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Changes of learning rate during inferential processing
Changes from pre- to post-intervention in participant number of trials to criterion in the Rule Inference fMRI task.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Changes of strategic performance during inferential processing
Changes from pre- to post-intervention in participant coefficients of expression of modeled response strategies in the Rule Inference fMRI task will be assessed.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Changes in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score
Pre- to post-intervention changes in participant MoCA score. Score range from 0 to 30 with higher scores indicating better cognitive ability.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Logical Memory I & II
Score range 0 - 75. Higher score indicates better verbal episodic memory.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Face Memory
Score range 0 - 48. Higher score indicates better visual face memory.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Verbal Paired Memory
Score range 0 - 32. Higher score indicates better verbal memory and learning.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Family Pictures I & II
Score range 0 - 64. Higher score indicates better visual memory and learning.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Word Lists I & II
Score range 0 - 36. Higher score indicates better verbal memory and learning. For II, recall score range is 0 to 8; recognition score range is 0 to 24.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Visual Reproduction I & II
Score range 0 - 104. Higher score indicates better visual memory. For II, recall score range is 0-104; recognition score range is 0-48.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Spatial Span
Score range 0 - 32. Higher score indicates better spatial memory.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale III Digit Span
Score range 0 - 32. Higher score indicates better auditory memory.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Vocabulary
Score range 0 - 66. Higher score indicates better vocabulary.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Digit Symbol
Score range 0 - 133. Higher score indicates better processing speed.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Block Design
Score range 0 - 68. Higher score indicates better visual processing.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Arithmetic
Score range 0 - 22. Higher score indicates better mathematical computation ability.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Matrix Reasoning
Score range 0 - 26. Higher score indicates better reasoning.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
Changes of neural functional activity during resting-state
Brain functional activity measured using fMRI during rest with eyes-open.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 12
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