Background: Chronic pain and negative consequences of long-term opioid therapy are related public health concerns associated with significant functional impairment, high psychiatric comorbidity, and premature mortality, particularly among Veterans. Clinical Practice Guidelines for opioid prescribing and pain management recommend using non-pharmacological approaches as first-line treatments. Psychosocial interventions (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy) have strong evidence supporting their ability to improve pain outcomes. Patient beliefs about the stigma associated with psychological interventions, opioid analgesics, ability of psychosocial intervention to improve pain among others can greatly interfere with the patients' ability to initiate and maintain engagement in psychosocial interventions and other non-pharmacological approaches. Significance/Impact: Without a concerted effort at affecting beliefs that impede engagement in treatment, Veterans who may benefit from the treatment, will not receive it. This can result in continued risk for negative consequences associated with long-term opioid therapy and inadequate pain management. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Treatment Seeking (CBT-TS) is an evidence-based intervention that directly intervenes on beliefs that act as barriers to treatment initiation and retention. By intervening on these beliefs, this study has the potential to improve engagement in psychosocial pain interventions and other non-pharmacological pain treatments, which will improve pain-related interference and functioning and reduce reliance on opioid analgesics. This study addresses VHA/VA Veteran care priorities including opioid use, pain management, and access and directly addresses priorities of the HSR\&D Targeted Solicitation for Service Directed Research on Opioid Safety and Opioid Use Disorder. Innovation: The proposed study is the first application of CBT-TS for Veterans with chronic pain who are receiving opioid analgesics-a notably high-risk, treatment-resistant population. This is the first study to directly intervene on thoughts about psychosocial interventions. Specific Aims: The specific aims are to: test the effects of CBT-TS to increase initiation of psychosocial interventions for pain among Veterans receiving opioid analgesics for chronic pain (Aim 1), test the effects of CBT-TS to increase the retention in psychosocial interventions for pain among Veterans receiving opioid analgesics for chronic pain (Aim 2), and evaluate the effects of CBT-TS in improving pain and substance use outcomes among Veterans receiving opioid analgesics for chronic pain (Aim 3). The investigators will also test the effects of CBT-TS on the initiation of and retention to other non-pharmacological pain treatments (Exploratory Aim). Methodology: Participants (N = 300) will be randomized to either the CBT-TS condition or an education control condition. Participants in both conditions will complete assessments on pain, treatment engagement, and opioid use at baseline, and 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-treatment to assess primary, secondary, and exploratory outcomes. Implementation/Next Steps: Results from this study will provide critical information on increasing engagement of psychosocial interventions for pain, which can be used to inform future implementation and dissemination efforts. The research team will work with the VHA National Pain Management and Opioid Safety office and the VHA Office of Patient Centered Care \& Cultural Transformation to identify implementation and dissemination efforts. CBT-TS is undergoing current implementation research to increase mental health functioning and this effort could be expanded to also increase treatment engagement of psychosocial interventions for pain and other non-pharmacological pain treatments.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
300
CBT delivered over the course of 1, \~45 minute sessions delivered via telehealth.
Pain treatment education describes a variety of pain treatments offered in the VA. It is delivered over the course of 1, \~45 minute session delivered via telehealth
VA Finger Lakes Healthcare System, Canandaigua, NY
Canandaigua, New York, United States
Medical Record Review and Treatment Utilization Form
This will capture treatment initiation and treatment retention information including treatment types, dates of service, number of sessions, and type and dose of VHA and non-VHA medications dispensed.
Time frame: Baseline to 6-months post-treatment
Pain Treatment Willingness Scale (PTWS)
Beliefs about psychosocial and other non-pharmacological pain treatments will be assessed using a modified PTWS. The scale consists of seven items assessing respondents' willingness to use opioids or non-pharmacological approaches using a 6-point rating scale. (1 = "not at all willing" to 6 "extremely willing").
Time frame: Baseline to 6-months post-treatment
Medication Beliefs Questionnaire
The MBQ uses five items to assess beliefs about one's response to, relief from, and potential for addiction to opioid analgesics. Respondents are asked to select one of five responses for each item (e.g., "None at all" to "Complete", "Much worse" to "Much better").
Time frame: Baseline to 6-months post-treatment
Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)
The BHS contains 20 true-false items designed to assess beliefs about the future. Higher scores represents greater hopelessness.
Time frame: Baseline to 6-months post-treatment
Pain Catastrophizing Scale
The PCS is a 13-item measure, with each item rated on a 5-point rating scale (0 = "Not at all" to 4 = "All the time"). Higher scores represent more rumination, magnification, and helplessness over pain.
Time frame: Baseline to 6-months post-treatment
Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)
The PSEQ is an 11-item measure that assesses one's confidence in performing activities while in pain.
Time frame: Baseline to 6-months post-treatment
Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11)
The TSK-11 is an 11-item measure assessing pain-related fear of movement or injury with higher scores representing greater fear of movement.
Time frame: Baseline to 6-months post-treatment
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