This is a cross-sectional study of a randomized clinical trial to investigate nutritional aspects of pre-scholar aged children born preterm submitted to an early stimulation program versus conventional care program. The preterm-born children participated in the project entitle "Early Intervention Program for Preterm Infants and Their Parents: establishing the impact at 18 Months Corrected Age" (NCT02835612), which performed a continuous early stimulation in very and extremely preterm infant's families in their first 12 to 18 months. In the present study, preterm born children currently with 3 to 6 years old and their mothers (or legal guardian) are once more invited to a one-day visit for a nutritional and clinical evaluation at the Clinical Research Center of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre/Brazil. In the consultation, preterm born children and theirs mothers are submitted to the following exams: body composition by electrical bioimpedance, clinical and physical evaluation, anthropometric measurements, and children's eating habits, eating behavior and parental educational style in food through specific questionnaires. Moreover, this study will also investigate a group of pre-scholar health children born at term to obtain reference values for variables analysed. The goal with these findings is to determine if an early stimulation program could present a positive impact in anthropometric outcomes and nutritional aspects in this more vulnerable preterm born population.
The main goal of the present study is to investigate anthropometric and physical measurements of pre-scholar aged children born preterm and their parents submitted to an early stimulation program, as well as to investigate children's eating practices, children's eating behavior and parental educational style in feeding. This currently study is a segment of a previous project entitle: Early Intervention Program for Preterm Infants and Their Parents: establishing the impact at 18 Months Corrected Age (NCT02835612), which performed a continuous early stimulation in very preterm infant's families in their first 12 to 18 months. The previous study randomized preterm born children less than 32 weeks of gestational age and/or very low birth weight at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) - a tertiary hospital in south Brazil, in the following two groups: CONVENTIONAL GROUP (CG) that received standard care (skin-to skin care by mother, kangaroo care, and breast feeding policy) according to the routine care of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and, after NICU discharge, they were referred for a traditional follow up clinic taking care of the demands according to their necessity. INTERVENTION GROUP (IG): Skin-to skin care by mother, kangaroo care, breastfeeding policy plus massage therapy were made by the mothers until hospital discharge. After discharge, they received standard follow up care plus orientation for a continuous global simulation at home. The early intervention was performed according to developmental milestones, anticipating in one month evolutional step acquisition of motor and/or cognitive expected for corrected age. Besides that, we have a total of 10 home visits promoting guidance and supervision sessions. In the present study, preterm born children aging between 3 to 6 years old and their mothers (or legal guardian) are once more invited to a one-day visit in the Clinical Research Center of HCPA for nutritional and clinical evaluation. In the visiting day, research participants are submitted to the following exams: body composition by electrical bioimpedance (InBody 770), anthropometric measurements (weight, height, skinfold thickness), clinical and physical evaluation (6 minutes walt test) and children's eating habits, eating behavior and parental educational style in food through specific questionnaires, such as Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS), Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire (CFSQ). Data from neonatal period and from the follow up in the clinical care will also be analysed to associate with current nutritional and clinical findings. In addition to preterm population, a group of term born health children and their mother will be invited to participate with the goal to access reference values of the parameters investigated. This group of term born children (\>37 weeks of gestational age and/or birth weight \>2500g) will be recruited from the daycare of our hospital institution. It is expect with these findings to determine if an early stimulation program could present a positive impact in anthropometric outcomes and nutritional aspects of our more vulnerable preterm born population.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
180
Preterm born children submitted to skin-to skin care (kangaroo care ) plus massage therapy by their mothers. This group received tactile-kinesthetic stimulation by mothers from randomization until hospital discharge. Intervention performed exclusively by the mothers was based on studies regarding the application of skin stimulations and passive exercises in preterm infants
Preterm born children submitted to skin-to skin care by their mothers (kangaroo care), associated to standard care according to the routine care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Body composition
Body composition is evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (InBody 770, Biospace Co Ltd). Each participant is positioned in an orthostatic position on a platform with lower electrodes for the feet and the hands holding onto upper electrodes. The measurement is performed after 2 hours fasting and diapers are changed before the evaluation.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Child Eating Behaviour
Children's eating behavior is evaluated with the Brazilian validated and translated Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). The CEBQ is a Likert-type, parent-report rating scale measuring the variation in eating behavior in children, and consists of 35 items comprising eight subscales (Food responsiveness, Emotional over-eating, Enjoyment of food, Desire to drink, Satiety responsiveness, Slowness in eating, Emotional under-eating, and Food fussiness). Parents are asked to rate their child's eating behavior on a five-point scale (never, rarely, sometimes, often, always; 1-5, respectively). A higher mean score for each specific sub-scale suggests the child shows a higher tendency toward the respective eating behavior.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Individual differences in parenting feeding styles
Parents should complete the 19-item Child Feeding Styles and Practices Questionnaire (CFSQ). Each item is scored from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Scores are averaged and categorized into one of four feeding styles: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and uninvolved; higher scores represent more of the feeding style.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Nutritional Assessment in Behavioral Pediatrics
Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS) is a parent-report questionnaire with 35 questions, which examines the frequency of child behaviors (e.g., will try new foods) and frequency of parent feelings and strategies for dealing with eating problems (e.g., frustration when feeding a child, cajoling or threatening in response to frustration when feeding) using a five-point Likert scale from "never" to "always." Parents are also asked to rate whether each item is a problem by answering with a "yes" or "no".
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Feeding practice
The child's eating habits are evaluated through a questionnaire that seeks to understand the quality of food since birth. This questionnaire comprises information on breastfeeding, use of infant formula, and food introduction, including the period when 20 specific foods were introduced. They are sugary foods, treats, protein sources, caffeine, and vegetables. In addition to this questionnaire, a 24-hour food recall of the child is requested.
Time frame: 1 day
Anthropometric evaluation of children and a parent respecting body weight.
The trained research team measures the body weights (in kilograms = kg) of the children and a parent with the method described by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the same measuring instruments. Measurements are performed using a standardized digital scale U.R. 10.000 Light.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Anthropometric evaluation of children and a parent respecting height.
The trained research team measures the height (in centimeters = cm) of the children and a parent, using the same wall stadiometer Sanny®, with individuals in an upright position, their heels, back, and head touching the equipment, the latter in a Frankfort plane.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Anthropometric evaluation of children and a parent respecting skinfold.
The trained research team measures the skinfolds of the children and a parent, measured with a skinfold caliper Lange®, using the anthropometry technique described by ISAK. The subscapular and triceps skinfolds are measured.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Anthropometric evaluation of children and a parent respecting circumferences.
The trained research team measures the circumferences of the children and a parent using a measuring tape. Waist and arm circumference is evaluated in all individuals, as well as head circumference in children.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Z-score calculations of all participants using WHO ANTHRO program.
The anthropometric (height-for-age, weight-for-age; body mass index-for-age) measurements are evaluated according to the Z-score using the WHO ANTHRO program and WHO ANTHRO Plus Software.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Physical Activity questionnaire
The questionnaire estimates the sedentary and active time of children, separated into weekdays or weekends, and day shifts (morning, afternoon, and night). The measure of physical activity is expressed by the daily time of participation in games and outdoor play while the measure of sedentary behavior is based on the time of watching television.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
Physical capacity Assessment
Physical capacity using Six Minutes Walk Test following the guidelines of American Thoracic Society (ATS), in a corridor of 30 meters.
Time frame: 1 day of evaluation
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