Pulsed Field Ablation and Pulsed Field CRyoAbLation in PErsistent AtriaL FibrilLation

Inclusion Criteria: IC 1 Male or female between the ages of 18 - 80 years IC 2 Currently scheduled for an ablation of symptomatic persistent (\> 7 days) atrial fibrillation within the past year documented by ECG or Continuous Holter monitoring IC 3 Refractory to at least one class I or III AAD. (Refractory defined as not effective or not tolerated) IC 4 Willingness, ability, and commitment to participate in baseline and follow-up evaluations for the full length of the study IC 5 Willingness and ability to give an informed consent Exclusion Criteria: EC 1 In the opinion of the Investigator, any known contraindication to an atrial ablation, TEE, or anticoagulation. Including but not limited to the identification of any atrial thrombus or evidence of sepsis EC 2 Continuous AF lasting longer than 12-months EC 3 History of previous left atrial ablation or surgical treatment for AF/AFL/AT EC 4 AF secondary to electrolyte imbalance, active thyroid disease, or any other reversible or non-cardiac cause EC 5 Structural heart disease as described below: 1. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \< 40% based on most recent TTE 2. Left atrial size \> 55 mm (parasternal long axis view) documented within 6-months of screening 3. NYHA Class III or IV heart failure documented within the previous 12-months 4. An implanted pacemaker or ICD 5. Previous cardiac surgery, ventriculotomy, or atriotomy (excluding atriotomy for CABG), 6. Previous cardiac valvular surgical or percutaneous procedure, or prosthetic valve 7. Interatrial baffle, closure device, patch, or PFO occluder 8. Presence of a left atrial appendage occlusion device 9. Presence of any pulmonary vein stenting devices 10. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or PTCA procedure within six (6) months prior to procedure 11. Unstable angina or ongoing myocardial ischemia 12. Myocardial infarction within the previous six (6) months prior to procedure 13. Moderate or severe mitral insufficiency or stenosis based on most recent TTE 14. Atrial myxoma 15. Significant congenital anomaly EC 6 BMI \> 40 EC 7 Any previous history of cryoglobulinemia (for those patients randomized to the PFCA arm) EC 8 History of blood clotting or bleeding disease EC 9 History of severe COPD requiring steroid use in the previous 12-months EC 10 History of severe sleep apnea (AHI \> 30) not currently treated with a CPAP machine or other mechanical device EC 11 Stroke or TIA within the last year. EC 12 Any prior history or current evidence of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis EC 13 Pregnant or lactating (current or anticipated during study follow-up EC 14 Current enrollment in any other study protocol where testing or results from that study may interfere with the procedure or outcome measurements for this study EC 15 Any other conditions such as, mental illness, addictive disease, terminal illness with a life expectancy of less than two years, extensive travel away from the research center that may lead to non-compliance with the protocol procedure or follow up