Role of Combined Therapy of Propranolol and Gabapentin in Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Traumatic Brain Injury

Overview

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome that comprises a series of signs and symptoms reflecting exacerbated sympathetic activity, including arterial hypertension, fever, tachycardia, generalized perspiration, anomalous motor activity (dystonia, muscle stiffness, extension), tachypnea, mechanical ventilator maladjustment, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hyperglycemia. PSH episodes can be intense and prolonged and can occur several times a day and all of these can lead to secondary brain damage and are the main causes of a poor prognosis. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity also induces a hypermetabolic state with hypercatabolism and inflammation and increases vulnerability to infections, sepsis, and weight loss which in turn are associated with increased morbidity, longer hospital stay, and slower recovery. The marked and sustained increase in catecholamine levels predisposes to the development of cardiomyopathy, lung edema, arrhythmias, and cardiac and multisystemic dysfunction. The reported incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity ranges from 8% to 33% and has no particular age or gender predilection. 80% of these syndrome incidents developed with traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical public health problem worldwide. It has been referred to as the " silent epidemic " as the problems experienced by those patients (such as impairments in memory or cognition) are often not visible. According to the World Health Organization, traumatic brain injury will surpass many diseases as the major cause of death and disability. Each year an estimated 69 million individuals will suffer a TBI, the vast majority of which will be mild (81%) and moderate (11%) in severity. Many survivors live with significant disabilities, resulting in a major socioeconomic burden. Nearly 60% of traumatic brain injuries are due to road traffic injuries in all parts of the world, about 20-30% are due to falls, 10% due to violence, and another 10% due to a combination of workplace and sports-related injuries. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome that comprises a series of signs and symptoms reflecting exacerbated sympathetic activity, including arterial hypertension, fever, tachycardia, generalized perspiration, anomalous motor activity (dystonia , muscle stiffness, extension), tachypnea, mechanical ventilator maladjustment, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hyperglycemia (Hughes and Rabinstein,2014). PSH episodes can be intense and prolonged and can occur several times a day and all of these can lead to secondary brain damage and are the main causes of a poor prognosis. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity also induces a hypermetabolic state with hypercatabolism and inflammation and increases vulnerability to infections, sepsis, and weight loss which in turn are associated with increased morbidity, longer hospital stay, and slower recovery. The marked and sustained increase in catecholamine levels predisposes to the development of cardiomyopathy, lung edema, arrhythmias, and cardiac and multisystemic dysfunction. The reported incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity ranges from 8% to 33% and has no particular age or gender predilection. 80% of these syndrome incidents developed with traumatic brain injury. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity manifests suddenly in cyclic episodes either spontaneously or in response to stimuli like pain, bathing, suction of secretions, exposure to light, and touch. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity is a genuine neurological emergency that may go undetected if not taken into account. An early diagnosis and optimized treatment are crucial in order to avoid permanent disability, reduce complications rate, facilitate recovery, and shorten stay in the intensive care unit. Because of the complexity of the disease and as its etiology is not clearly understood so pharmacological therapy has focused on the control of symptoms. It is important to note the lack of studies demonstrating the preference of one drug substance versus another. The experience and the literature indicate that "drug combinations" are generally required. Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that can cross the blood-brain barrier; so many studies showed that early administration of propranolol after TBI was associated with improved survival, and also a large cohort study reported the benefit of propranolol as the preferred beta-blocker agent to be used to decrease the incidence of secondary brain injury and to improve mortality outcome in patients with TBI experiencing PSH. Gabapentine, an analog of GABA was originally developed as an anticonvulsant. However, it may be more useful in the management of painful neuropathies, spasticity, and tremor. Administration of gabapentin before the neuropathic pain establishment showed a long-lasting anti-allodynic effect. Studies show its dramatic effect on the improvement of the frequency and severity of the paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity spells within days of starting gabapentin which has become the first choice for the longer-term control of this disorder. Rationale: Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity occurs after any brain lesion and has been associated with worse clinical outcomes including more time on mechanical ventilation, more infection, tracheostomy placement, longer ICU stay, and so increase mortality rate. Medical treatments for PSH include Opioids like morphine, and fentanyl, Beta-blockers as propranolol, Alpha 2 agonists like dexmedetomidine, and GABA agonists as gabapentin and benzodiazepines and baclofen, and muscle relaxant dantrolene. This pharmacological management focuses on three approaches: symptom abortion, prevention of symptoms, and refractory treatment. Up to the investigators' knowledge, this is the first study in zagazig university hospital to evaluate the success of the combined therapy of propranolol and gabapentin in preventing the development of PSH in traumatic brain injury patients. Research question: Can the combined therapy of propranolol and gabapentin prevent the occurrence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and improve the clinical outcomes of traumatic brain injury patients in emergency ICU?