Intradialytic hypertension (IDH) is a well-recognized and established complication of hemodialysis that affects an estimated 10-15% of the dialysis population and is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular adverse events and mortality. The major pathogenic mechanisms include volume and sodium overload, endothelial dysfunction and enhanced vasoconstriction potentially through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. Preliminary uncontrolled studies have demonstrated that in order to achieve proper control of blood pressure (BP) in patients with IDH, volume control with achievement of dry weight, as well as the minimization of sodium load through alteration of dialysate sodium may improve BP. To this day, 3 studies have attempted to evaluate the effect of low dialysate sodium on BP levels in patients with IDH; one study that included 16 patients, compared the effect of low (5 milliequivalent/litre (mEq/L) lower than serum sodium) versus high (5 mEq/L higher than serum sodium) dialysate sodium concentration on BP levels only during the dialysis session; another study examined the effect of low (136 mEq/L) compared to standard (140 mEq/L) sodium dialysate, again, only on peridialytic and intradialytic BP; and only one randomized cross-over study used 24h ABPM to assess the effect of individualized isonatremic vs hyponatremic vs standard dialysate sodium. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of low (137mEq/L) vs standard (140mEq/L) dialysate sodium on 48h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in patients with IDH, using appropriate design of randomized crossover study. In addition this is the first study examining the effect of low dialysate sodium on ambulatory central BP, arterial stiffness indices and BP variability in patients with IDH.
This is an interventional randomized crossover study performed in the Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. For the purposes of this study, adult patients (\>18 years) with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) being treated with hemodialysis (HD) (on standard thrice-weekly HD treatment) for at least 3 months with intradialytic hypertension, fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria were invited to participate. All included patients signed a written informed consent form. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. All procedures and evaluations are performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki 2013 Amendment. Patients will be assessed for eligibility during the selection process (records of peridialytic BP measurements of the previous 2-week period will be assessed). Patients will be instructed to arrive to the Dialysis unit 30 min to 1 hour prior to their scheduled dialysis session, on 3 different dialysis days. Baseline evaluation of participants includes the recording of demographics and anthropometric characteristics, medical history, comorbidities, concomitant medications and dialysis-related parameters, as well as physical examination and venous blood sampling for routine laboratory tests. At baseline evaluation patients' hydration status will be assessed with lung ultrasound, while peridialytic BP and BP over the intradialytic period will be assessed with the Mobil-O-Graph device (IEM, Stolberg, Germany). The study includes two treatment periods (low vs standard dialysate sodium) with washout period of 2 weeks between them. Patients will be randomized to 2 groups, which will receive the intervention in the opposite order. Block randomisation will be used to determine treatment order based on a computer-generated randomization list. The first group (A) will undergo dialysis with low dialysate sodium (137 mEq/L) for 4 sessions starting from a mid-week session (i.e Wednesday or Thursday). Immediately before the beginning of the 4th session patients will be assessed with lung ultrasound and the 48h ambulatory BP monitoring will start using the Mobil-O-Graph device. After a 2-week washout period this group (A) will undergo dialysis with standard dialysate sodium (140 mEq/L) for 4 sessions and at the start of the 4th session, again, patients will be assessed with lung ultrasound and the 48h ABPM will begin. The second group will undergo dialysis first with standard dialysate sodium (140 mEq/L) for 4 sessions and then, after the 2-week washout period, with low dialysate sodium (137 mEq/L) for 4 sessions, with similar evaluations at the end of each intervention. Patients will not be aware of the order in which they will receive the 2 different dialysate sodium concentrations.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
30
Patients will undergo 4 dialysis sessions with a dialysate sodium concentration of 137 mEq/L. The modification of dialysate sodium concentration will be monitored through alteration of sodium conductivity
Patients will undergo 4 dialysis sessions with a dialysate sodium concentration of 140 mEq/L. The modification of dialysate sodium concentration will be monitored through alteration of sodium conductivity
Frontis Dialysis Center
Athens, Greece
Therapeutiki Dialysis Unit
Thessaloniki, Greece
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki, Greece
UKC Maribor
Maribor, Slovenia
The difference in 48h ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in 48h ambulatory diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in intradialytic SBP/DBP between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in pre-dialysis SBP/DBP between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in post-dialysis SBP/DBP between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in ambulatory aortic SBP/DBP between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in ambulatory Augmentation index (AIx) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in ambulatory Augmentation index corrected for heart rate (AIx75) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in ambulatory Augmentation pressure (AP) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in ambulatory arterial stiffness between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Ambulatory arterial stiffness will be assessed by ambulatory pulse wave velocity (PWV), as recorded with the Mobil-O-Graph device
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in 48h ambulatory brachial SBP/DBP standard deviation (SD) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
This blood pressure variability (BPV) parameter of SBP/DBP will be calculated based on the ABPM recordings obtained with the Mobil-O-Graph device
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in 48h ambulatory brachial SBP/DBP weighted SD (wSD) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
This blood pressure variability (BPV) parameter of SBP/DBP will be calculated based on the ABPM recordings obtained with the Mobil-O-Graph device
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in 48h ambulatory brachial SBP/DBP coefficient of variation (CV) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
This blood pressure variability (BPV) parameter of SBP/DBP will be calculated based on the ABPM recordings obtained with the Mobil-O-Graph device
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in 48h ambulatory brachial SBP/DBP average real variability (ARV) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
This blood pressure variability (BPV) parameter of SBP/DBP will be calculated based on the ABPM recordings obtained with the Mobil-O-Graph device
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session and the following interdialytic interval of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in pre-dialysis body weight between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference in hydration status (b-lines) assessed by lung ultrasound between low and standard dialysate sodium in patients with intradialytic hypertension
Time frame: At the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference (delta) between baseline and end-of-treatment values of each intervention for intradialytic SBP/DBP.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference (delta) between baseline and end-of-treatment values of each intervention for pre-dialysis SBP/DBP.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference (delta) between baseline and end-of-treatment values of each intervention for post-dialysis SBP/DBP.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference (delta) between baseline and end-of-treatment values of each intervention for pre-dialysis body weight.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference (delta) between baseline and end-of-treatment values of each intervention for IDWG.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference (delta) between baseline and end-of-treatment values of each intervention for hydration status (b-lines).
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference between low and standard dialysate sodium in the delta for intradialytic SBP/DBP.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference between low and standard dialysate sodium in the delta for pre-dialysis SBP/DBP.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference between low and standard dialysate sodium in the delta for post-dialysis SBP/DBP.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference between low and standard dialysate sodium in the delta for pre-dialysis body weight.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference between low and standard dialysate sodium in the delta for IDWG.
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
The difference between low and standard dialysate sodium in the delta for hydration status (b-lines).
Time frame: At baseline and at the 4th dialysis session of each intervention (baseline and end of weeks 2 and 5)
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