Postprandial glucose responses are related to an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Existing research recognizes the presence of inter-individual variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meal or food product. However, the role of diet and phenotype in postprandial glucose responses is unclear. The primary objective of this study is to determine the variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meals/food products and how this relates to the variation in postprandial glucose responses over a 9-week fully controlled dietary intervention within and between individuals. Our secondary objectives are to investigate the difference between postprandial glucose responses to original products and postprandial glucose responses to reformulated products, and to examine the relation between postprandial glucose responses and short-term well-being. In addition, we aim to study the relation between variation in postprandial glucose and phenotype, including immune function, cognitive performance, and microbiota composition. 63 apparently healthy men and women with a BMI of 25-40 kg/m2, aged 45-75 years will be included in the study, comprising a characterization period of 3 weeks and a completely controlled dietary intervention of 9 weeks. During these 9 weeks, glucose will be continuously monitored to measure postprandial glucose responses to standard foods/meals. There are minor risks for the research subjects of this study. Research subjects will invest approximately 85 hours in the study. During the characterization week, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 3 times and Hospital Gelderse Vallei (Ede, The Netherlands) once. During the controlled dietary intervention, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 2-3 times a week.
Postprandial glucose responses are related to an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Existing research recognizes the presence of inter-individual variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meal or food product. However, the role of diet, i.e. the other consumed food products and meals, and phenotype in postprandial glucose responses is unclear. A repetitive design and a standardized diet are necessary to determine the variation in postprandial glucose responses to a meal or food product irrespective of the diet. The primary objective of this study is to determine the variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meals/food products and how this relates to the variation in postprandial glucose responses over a 9-week fully controlled dietary intervention within and between individuals. Our secondary objectives are to investigate the difference between postprandial glucose responses to original products and postprandial glucose responses to reformulated products, and to examine the relation between postprandial glucose responses and short-term well-being. In addition, we aim to study the relation between variation in postprandial glucose and phenotype, including immune function, cognitive performance, and microbiota composition. The study population consists of 63 apparently healthy men and women with a BMI of 25-40 kg/m2, aged 45-75 years, and who are weight stable (± \<3 kg) for at least three months prior to inclusion. The study comprises a characterization period of three weeks, followed by a fully controlled dietary intervention trial of nine weeks. In the characterization period, the phenotype of participants will be determined by measures on anthropometrics, immune function, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products, cognitive performance, microbiota and gut health, amylase, genetics, and circulating metabolites. The dietary intervention consists of three repetitive rounds of three weeks, in which we test food products in a cross-over setting. Participants will consume test products that fall in the same food category, but differ in glycaemic index/carbohydrate content. Part of these products is provided by industrial partners, of which the original products are reformulated to be reduced in glycaemic index/carbohydrate content. During the 9-week dietary intervention all foods are provided, giving us a complete and detailed picture of food and nutrient intake during this period. The standardized diet follows the average consumption pattern of the study population. Throughout the intervention, interstitial glucose concentrations will be measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and physical activity will be monitored with an accelerometer. This study is related to a broad general population. There are minor risks for the research subjects of this study. Placing a continuous glucose sensor generally does not cause pain, but could result in the loss of a drop of blood, or slight skin irritation after wearing. Blood sampling will be performed via a cannula or venapunction and the insertion can be a bit painful and may cause a bruise. During the characterization period, in total 215 mL of blood will be collected in a 3-week timespan. In the following 9 weeks 108 mL, and at the end of the intervention 34 mL blood will be collected. Research subjects will invest approximately 85 hours in the study. During the characterization week, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 3 times and Hospital Gelderse Vallei (Ede, The Netherlands) once. During the controlled dietary intervention, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 2-3 times a week.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
63
During 9 weeks all food products will be standardized and provided by the Research Unit. The standardized diet is based on the average food composition in the Netherlands.
Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition
Wageningen, Gelderland, Netherlands
Blood glucose profile
Interstitial glucose concentrations, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring
Time frame: Continuous for 9 weeks
Short-term well-being
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
Time frame: Baseline
Short-term well-being
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
Time frame: 1 hour post-ingestion
Short-term well-being
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Short-term well-being
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
Time frame: 4 hours post-ingestion
Postprandial glucose blood levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial glucose blood levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial glucose blood levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial glucose blood levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial glucose blood levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial glucose blood levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 180 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial glucose blood levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 240 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial insulin blood levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial insulin blood levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial insulin blood levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial insulin blood levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial insulin blood levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial insulin blood levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 180 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial insulin blood levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 240 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial metabolite blood levels
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial metabolite blood levels
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial metabolite blood levels
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial metabolite blood levels
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial metabolite blood levels
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial metabolite blood levels
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
Time frame: 180 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial metabolite blood levels
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
Time frame: 240 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial lipid profiling
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial lipid profiling
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial lipid profiling
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial lipid profiling
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial lipid profiling
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial lipid profiling
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 180 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial lipid profiling
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 240 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial fatty acid blood levels
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial fatty acid blood levels
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial fatty acid blood levels
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial fatty acid blood levels
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial fatty acid blood levels
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial fatty acid blood levels
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 180 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial fatty acid blood levels
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 240 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial gut hormone blood levels
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial gut hormone blood levels
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial gut hormone blood levels
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial gut hormone blood levels
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial gut hormone blood levels
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial gut hormone blood levels
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 180 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial gut hormone blood levels
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
Time frame: 240 minutes post-ingestion
Cholesterol concentration
Fasting plasma cholesterol concentration
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial blood glucose levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial blood glucose levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 15 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood glucose levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood glucose levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 45 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood glucose levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood glucose levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood glucose levels
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood insulin levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: Baseline
Postprandial blood insulin levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 15 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood insulin levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 30 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood insulin levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 45 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood insulin levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 60 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood insulin levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 90 minutes post-ingestion
Postprandial blood insulin levels
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
Time frame: 120 minutes post-ingestion
Physical activity
Continuous physical activity levels, measured by the Actigraph accelerometer wGT3X-BT (ActiGraph, Pensacola, USA)
Time frame: Continuous for 9 weeks
Physical activity
Continuous physical activity levels, measured by ActivPAL3 micro (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, Scotland) during 3 non-consecutive weeks
Time frame: Continuous for 3 non-consecutive weeks between week 1 and week 9 of the dietary intervention
Body fat distribution
Ratio between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Time frame: Baseline
Liver fat content
Liver fat content as measured by MRS
Time frame: Baseline
HbA1c
HbA1c
Time frame: Baseline
Fasting glucose concentration
Fasting glucose concentration
Time frame: Baseline
Fasting insulin concentration
Fasting insulin concentration
Time frame: Baseline
Circulating cytokines
Circulating plasma cytokines
Time frame: Baseline
PBMC composition
Immune function as measured by PBMC composition
Time frame: Baseline
PBMC composition
Immune function as measured by PBMC composition
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Metabolism immune cell populations
Metabolism of immune cell populations as measured by SCENITH
Time frame: Baseline
Immune function
Metabolism of immune cell populations as measured by SCENITH
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Immune response
Immune response upon TLR stimulation
Time frame: Baseline
Immune response
Immune response upon TLR stimulation
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
PBMC cytokine production
PBMC cytokine production as measured by intracellular staining
Time frame: Baseline
PBMC cytokine production
PBMC cytokine production as measured by intracellular staining
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Oxidative stress marker urine
Oxidative stress as measured by free 8-iso PGF2a in urine
Time frame: Baseline
Oxidative stress marker urine
Oxidative stress as measured by free 8-iso PGF2a in urine
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Oxidative stress in plasma
Oxidative stress as measured by MDA levels in plasma
Time frame: Baseline
Oxidative stress in plasma
Oxidative stress as measured by MDA levels in plasma
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Oxidative stress in plasma
Oxidative stress as measured by nitrotyrosine in plasma
Time frame: Baseline
Oxidative stress in plasma
Oxidative stress as measured by nitrotyrosine in plasma
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) blood
AGE concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Time frame: Baseline
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) blood
AGE concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations blood
alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Time frame: Baseline
Alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations blood
alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
AGE accumulation
Accumulation of AGEs in the skin as measured by an AGE reader (Diagnoptics, Groningen, the Netherlands)
Time frame: Baseline
AGE accumulation
Accumulation of AGEs in the skin as measured by an AGE reader (Diagnoptics, Groningen, the Netherlands)
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Cognitive performance
Cognitive performance as measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
Time frame: Baseline
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Baseline
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 1 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 2 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 3 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 4 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 5 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 6 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 7 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 8 dietary intervention
Oral microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 9 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Baseline
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 1 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 2 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 3 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 4 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 5 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 6 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 7 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 8 dietary intervention
Fecal microbiota composition
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
Time frame: Week 9 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Baseline
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 1 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 2 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 3 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 4 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 5 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 6 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 7 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 8 dietary intervention
Self-reported stool consistency
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
Time frame: Week 9 dietary intervention
Transit time
Transit time, measured as the time in with blue (dietary) dye is consumed and observed in the feces
Time frame: Baseline
Transit time
Transit time, measured as the time in with blue (dietary) dye is consumed and observed in the feces
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Salivary amylase concentration
Concentration of salivary amylase
Time frame: Baseline
Salivary amylase concentration
Concentration of salivary amylase
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Salivary amylase activity
Activity of salivary amylase
Time frame: Baseline
Salivary amylase activity
Activity of salivary amylase
Time frame: End of intervention (week 12)
Genetic variation amylase genes
SNPs in genes coding for amylase, collected using a mouth swab
Time frame: Baseline
Genetic variation metabolism and responses to food
SNPs in genes relevant for metabolism and responses to food, collected using a mouth swab
Time frame: Baseline
Habitual dietary intake
Habitual dietary intake assessment with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response fries A
Plasma glucose response to fries type A
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response fries A
Plasma glucose response to fries type A
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response fries B
Plasma glucose response to fries type B
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response fries B
Plasma glucose response to fries type B
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response fries C
Plasma glucose response to fries type C
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response fries C
Plasma glucose response to fries type C
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response yoghurt A
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type A
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response yoghurt A
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type A
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response yoghurt B
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type B
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response yoghurt B
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type B
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response yoghurt C
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type C
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response yoghurt C
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type C
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response cake A
Plasma glucose response to cake type A
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response cake A
Plasma glucose response to cake type A
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response cake B
Plasma glucose response to cake type B
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response cake B
Plasma glucose response to cake type B
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma glucose response cake C
Plasma glucose response to cake type C
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma glucose response cake C
Plasma glucose response to cake type C
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response fries A
Plasma insulin response to fries type A
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response fries A
Plasma insulin response to fries type A
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response fries B
Plasma insulin response to fries type B
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response fries B
Plasma insulin response to fries type B
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response fries C
Plasma insulin response to fries type C
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response fries C
Plasma insulin response to fries type C
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response yoghurt A
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type A
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response yoghurt A
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type A
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response yoghurt B
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type B
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response yoghurt B
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type B
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response yoghurt C
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type C
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response yoghurt C
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type C
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response cake A
Plasma insulin response to cake type A
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response cake A
Plasma insulin response to cake type A
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response cake B
Plasma insulin response to cake type B
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response cake B
Plasma insulin response to cake type B
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
Plasma insulin response cake C
Plasma insulin response to cake type C
Time frame: Baseline
Plasma insulin response cake C
Plasma insulin response to cake type C
Time frame: 2 hours post-ingestion
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