Trial developed to inventory the incidence of early and advanced stage lower limb lymphedema in patients diagnosed with and treated for gynaecologic cancer. Four hundred patients with diagnosis stage 1-3 gynaecologic cancer will be included in an observational cohort between diagnosis until maximum 2 weeks after start of the first treatment. They will be followed for occurrence of lower limb lymphedema up till 2 years after their last treatment. Data on signs and symptoms, quality of life, time investment and financial expenses will be collected, to provide information on the incidence and risk factors for lower limb lymphedema, and on its impact on patients, regarding quality of life, sexual well-being and time- and financial investment. Patients developing early stage LLL enter an interventional sub-cohort, in which the effect of class II compressive garments on preventing evolution towards advanced stage LLL will be evaluated.
Context of the problem: Improved knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has resulted in an increased number of cancer survivors. Consequently, more patients are confronted, often life-long, with the complications of their cancer treatment. These chronic conditions impact daily functioning and quality of life (QoL), complicate the return to work and undermine psycho-social well-being. One of the most frequent and disabling complications is lymphedema, a condition undermining QoL to an extent exceeding even a 10-year age increase. The damage of lymphedema covers many aspects of daily life: it changes body image and complicates daily activities as basic as clothing, it increases patient-related health expenditures for treatment and for coping with the disease, reduces patient autonomy in daily functioning and can even cause sensory or motor dysfunctions. So far, no definitive cure exists for lymphedema: patients are confined to life-long preventive measures, compression therapy and regular manual lymph drainage. Surgical repair may be an option in selected cases, but evidence on surgical techniques is limited and their long-term effects are still unknown. Moreover, even after successful repair, conservative treatment is still needed. Most studies on lymphedema are limited to upper limb lymphedema (ULL), mainly after breast cancer treatment. Only a few publications focus on lower limb lymphedema (LLL), despite its detrimental impact on QoL. This could be due to the difficulties to diagnose and treat LLL in comparison to ULL: LLL often occurs bilaterally or at the level of the groins or genital region, hence impeding diagnosis through comparison. Perimetric measurement of large cone-like oedematous legs is cumbersome. Manual lymph drainage and application of compressive garments is more strenuous for legs than for arms, and the typical bilateral occurrence and large volumes of LLL inflate the cost of treatment garments. However limited, some groups did evaluate the incidence of LLL after pelvic treatment, but maintained the criteria for advanced stage lymphedema as cut off, thereby underestimating the prior phases in which patients are confronted with functional impairment due to LLL, without apparent swelling. The observational cohort in this study is aimed at inventorying the incidence, timing and risk factors of early as well as advanced stage lymphedema. Time and cost-investment of patients for prevention and/or treatment of LLL will be analyzed. The impact of LLL on QoL and on sexual well-being will be calculated. A sub-cohort of this trial is of interventional design: in patients, included in the observational cohort and developing early stage LLL, standard of care treatment will be started, including skin care, active exercises and manual lymph drainage. In the experimental group, compressive garments class II will be added and compliance as well as tolerance of these garments will be analyzed. Side-kicks of this trial are the standardization of perimetric measurements of the legs, validation of a self-report LLL screening tool and testing of the sensitivity and specificity of ICG fluoroscopy to detect early stage LLL. Sample size calculation: The sample size is calculated for the interventional sub-cohort, to have at least 80% power to detect a difference between the compression group and the control group for progression of lymphedema. An alpha has been set equal to 0.05. Sample size calculation is based on evaluation at year 1. No longitudinal analysis is foreseen as primary analysis, but this could be included as a secondary analysis using a GEE analysis. To detect a difference, in the interventional sub-cohort 109 subjects are required per group (2\*109=218 subjects in total for the two groups) to have at least 80% power. If 66% of the patients in the observational cohort will meet the inclusion criteria for the interventional randomized trial, at least 330 (=218/0.66) patients should be included in the observational cohort. To correct for drop out we planned to include 400 patients. This number is feasible within the planned recruitment period of 18-24 months. If the number of subjects would be reached before the end of the planned recruitment period, recruitment will be stopped at 400 patients. If the number is not attained, the recruitment period will be prolonged. If the number of 218 subjects is reached in the interventional sub-cohort, randomization will be stopped and analysis starts. However, the observational cohort will continue accrual until 400 subjects are reached. We assume a difference in true transition rates (T1 to T3) in both study arms, with 0.4 in the interventional group versus 0.75 in the control group. The recruitment of 109 patients in each treatment arm would allow the assessment of benefit of the intervention with 80% power, based on the 95% two-sided confidence interval approach for the differences in two independent proportions.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
218
Daily wearing of compressive garments, especially during prolonged standing upright or strenuous activities.
Ghent University Hospital, Dept. Radiotherapy-Oncology
Ghent, Belgium
RECRUITINGUniversity Hospital, Louvain
Leuven, Belgium
RECRUITINGIncidence rate of LLL
Number of patients with transition (evolution) to stage 0-3 LLL (ISL criteria) in the first two years after treatment for gynecologic cancer. We defined three potential transitions: * T1: from no LLL to reversible stage 0-1 LLL * T2: from no LLL to irreversible stage 2-3 LLL * T3: from stage 0-1 LLL to stage 2-3 LLL
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Incidence rate of transition from stage 0-1 LLL to stage 2-3 LLL in randomized subgroup
Number of patients diagnosed with stage 0-1 LLL within one year after treatment for gynecologic cancer and that evolve from stage 0-1 LLL to stage 2-3 LLL
Time frame: From transition to stage 0-1 LLL until 1 year after
Timing of development of LLL
Registration of the timing of development of the different stages of LLL within the first two years after end of treatment
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - per age category the number of patients that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria
Age: the amount of time something has been alive or has existed (years)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - weight
Weight: In the operational definition, the weight of an object is the force measured by the operation of weighing it, which is the force it exerts on its support, expressed in kilograms (kg)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - height
Height: measure of vertical extent (how "tall" something or someone is) (expressed in meters)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - per BMI category the number of patients that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria (reported value)
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres.
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - per category of physical activity the number of patients that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria
Physical activity is defined as any voluntary bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Physical activity encompasses all activities, at any intensity, performed during any time of day or night. It includes both exercise and incidental activity integrated into daily routine. This integrated activity may not be planned, structured, repetitive or purposeful for the improvement of fitness, and may include activities such as walking to the local shop, cleaning, working, active transport etc. Expressed in intensity level (categorical)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - Marital status
Civil status, or marital status, are the distinct options that describe a person's relationship with a significant other. Married, single, divorced, and widowed are examples of civil status. Expressed in definition (categorical - married, divorced, widowed, single...)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - obstetrical status
Obstetrical history: medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth and the postnatal period Obstetric state: gravida - partus - abortus - mater
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - education status
The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011) is a statistical framework for organizing information on education maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It is a member of the international family of economic and social classifications of the United Nations. Categorical: lower secondary education, upper secondary education, Bachelor's or equivalent, Master's or equivalent, Doctorate or equivalent...
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - employment status
Work or labor (or labour in British English) is intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the needs and wants of a wider community Categorical: unemployed, employee, self-employed, retired, student, work-incapacity...
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - smoking status
Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is typically breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Expressed in categories (never, used to smoke, active smoker)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - pack-years
Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is typically breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. A pack-year is a clinical quantification of cigarette smoking used to measure a person's exposure to tobacco. This is used to assess their risk of developing lung cancer or other pathologies related to tobacco use. Calculation: Number of pack-years = (number of cigarettes smoked per day/20) × number of years smoked. (1 pack has 20 cigarettes in some countries)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - alcohol intake
An alcoholic drink (also called an alcoholic beverage, adult beverage, or simply a drink) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar that acts as a drug. Expressed in categories: never, occasionally, daily
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - physical appearance
Human physical appearance is the outward phenotype or look of human beings. Registered as importance adhered to physical appearance on a rating scale from 1 to 10. Expressed on a scale of one to ten, (this scale is a general and largely vernacular concept used for rating things, people, places, ideas, and so on. The scale has 10 as a maximum score, as a denotation of exceptionally high quality or of another attribute, a minimum of 0.)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - household income category
Household income is an economic standard that can be applied to one household, or aggregated across a large group such as a county, city, or the whole country. It is commonly used by government and private institutions to describe a household's economic status or to track economic trends. Expressed in categories (per month): \<1500, 1500-3000, \>3000-5000, \>5000 or 'does not wish to respond'
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - number of patients with contact allergy that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - number of patients with medical record of disease (renal, cardiac, diabetic...) that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria
The medical history, case history, or anamnesis of a patient is information gained by a physician by asking specific questions, with the aim of obtaining information useful in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient. Expressed in relevant categories (cardiac, renal, vascular, cancer, auto-immune...)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - pain score
A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are a common communication tool in medical contexts, and are used in a variety of medical settings. Expressed on a scale of one to ten, (this scale is a general and largely vernacular concept used for rating things, people, places, ideas, and so on. The scale has 10 as a denotation of exceptionally high pain, and a minimum of 0 for no pain at all.)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - tumor stage (TNM)
The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the extent of spread of cancer. It is a classification system of the anatomical extent of tumor cancers. Most common tumors have their own TNM classification. Sometimes also described as the AJCC system. TNM is a notation system that describes the stage of a cancer, which originates from a solid tumor, using alphanumeric codes: T describes the size of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes nearby (regional) lymph nodes that are involved, M describes distant metastasis (spread of cancer from one part of the body to another).
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - tumor stage (FIGO)
The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, usually just FIGO as the acronym of its French name Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, is a worldwide non-governmental organisation representing obstetricians and gynaecologists in over one hundred territories. The FIGO staging system is used most often for cancers of the female reproductive organs, including cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer... As a rule, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, means a more advanced cancer. And within a stage, an earlier letter means a lower stage. Cancers with similar stages tend to have a similar outlook and are often treated in much the same way.
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - the number of patients with limited (only one or two gynaecologic organs) or extensive surgery (multiple organs and/or lymph nodes) that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria
Gynecological surgery refers to surgery on the female reproductive system usually performed by gynecologists. In the domain of cancer it may include hysterectomy, ovariectomy, pelvic exenteration, salpingoophorectomy, vulvectomy and partial or complete lymphadenectomy
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - the number of patients receiving systemic therapy that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria
Systemic therapy is a therapy that is given in addition to the primary or initial therapy to maximize its effectiveness. It can be given in adjuvant or neo-adjuvant setting. Categorical: none, taxanes, cisplatinum, immunotherapy, target therapy, anti-hormone therapy, other.
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Risk factors for developing LLL - the number of patients receiving radiotherapy that develop lower limb lymph-edema as assessed with ISL criteria
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is a therapy using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator. Radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body. It may also be used as part of adjuvant therapy, to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery to remove a primary malignant tumor (for example, early stages of breast cancer). Radiation therapy is synergistic with chemotherapy, and has been used before, during, and after chemotherapy in susceptible cancers. Expressed per target volume in dose per fraction, number of fractions
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Impact of LLL on QoL - EQ5D
EQ-5D is a standardised measure of health-related quality of life developed by the EuroQol Group to provide a simple, generic questionnaire for use in clinical and economic appraisal and population health surveys. EQ-5D assesses health status in terms of five dimensions of health and is considered a 'generic' questionnaire because these dimensions are not specific to any one patient group or health condition. EQ-5D can also be referred to as a patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure, because patients can complete the questionnaire themselves to provide information about their current health status and how this changes over time. 'EQ-5D' is not an abbreviation and is the correct term to use when referring to the instrument in general. Expressed as an overall measure of self-assessed health status (EQ VAS) at different time points (D0, M3, M12)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Impact of LLL on QoL - EORT qlq C30
European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC): qlq C30: questionnaire developed by the EORTC and validated in over 100 languages, in order to assess in 30 questions the quality of life of cancer patients.
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Impact of LLL on QoL - lymph-ICF-LL
Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL): it is a descriptive, evaluative tool containing 28 questions about impairments in function, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in patients with lower limb lymphedema. The questionnaire has 5 domains: physical function, mental function, general tasks/household activities, mobility activities, and life domains/social life.
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Impact of LLL on sexuality
Female Sexual Distress Scale Revised (FSDS-R) is a multi-dimensional self-reporting questionnaire containing 13 items to evaluate sexual distress in women. Evaluation: Percentage of patients with clinically relevant loss in sexual well-being, measured through questionnaire at baseline, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Predictive value of the self-report LLL questionnaire
The self-report lower-extremity lymphedema screening questionnaire is a screening questionnaire developed to detect lower-extremity lymphedema (LEL) among normal-weight women and women with obesity. Evaluation: Number of patients with score \>5 on the self-report LLL questionnaire that are diagnosed with LLL according to ISL criteria (positive predictive value)
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Value of ICG fluoroscopy versus lymphoscintigraphy in detection of early stage LLL
Percentage of positive ICG fluoroscopy (image of splash, stardust or diffuse ICG pattern) corresponding with positive lympho-scintigraphy (signs of impaired lymphatic flow) or with clinical diagnosis of LLL based on ISL criteria
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Inventory of time investment
Calculation of mean time investment of patients in the prevention and treatment of LLL through app-based registration
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Inventory of expenses
Calculation of mean financial investment of patients in the prevention and treatment of LLL through app-based registration
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
Standardization of perimetric measurements
Development of standardized instructions for perimetric measurement with measurement from a fixed start point and then every 4cm to calculate leg circumference. Verification of reliability through intra- and interobserver comparison
Time frame: From diagnosis until 2 years after last oncologic treatment
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