The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of nociplastic shoulder pain. Factors of psychological distress, functionality, fitness, quality of life, quality of sleep, functioning of the parasympathetic system, and lifestyle will be examined. Patients with nociplastic pain will be identified using the classification system proposed by the IASP.
The main part of the study will include patients with chronic shoulder pain who visit the Hand Surgery-Upper Limb and Microsurgery Department of the General Hospital KAT. The measurements will be performed in one session. Once participants have been informed of the purpose and procedure of the study and given written consent, they will complete their demographics and a series of questionnaires and questions about their pain history. They will then be examined by a doctor and finally subjected to dynamometry, a functional test and two quantitative sensory tests.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
70
All participants will be assessed with the specific nociplastic pain criteria
Clinical Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory
Lamia, Central Greece, Greece
KAT Attica General Hospital
Athens, Greece
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)
PPT will be used to assess the pain sensitivity
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM)
CPM will be used to examine the descending inhibition of nociceptive signals
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Nociplastic Pain Criteria
The grading system for recognition of nociplastic pain will be used (Kosek et al. 2021).
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Numeric Pain Rating Scale
Pain intensity will be assessed with Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Participants will score from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain they have ever experienced).
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Pain Distribution
Pain location will be recorded using the Pain Distribution App (PDA) which is a self-reported tool to assess the distribution and spread of body pain areas. The PDA has demonstrated reliability.
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
HRV testing will be used to assess the function of autonomic nervous system
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Range of motion
Active and passive range of motion will be measured using a goniometer. It will be assessed the flexion, abduction, and external rotation. Participants will be a standing position for flexion and abduction assessment and in prone position for external rotation.
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Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI)
CSI wiil be used to assess the CS symptoms
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
Anxiety and depression will be measured with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HADS includes 14 items, 7 for Anxiety and 7 for Depression. The overall score range 0-42 and 0-21 for the different categories. A cut-off 8/21 has been recommended.
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ)
BIPQ will be used to estimate the perception of pain severity
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ)
PSQ is a self-reported tool and it will be used to assess pain sensitivity
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
PCS is a self-reported scale which estimates the catastrophization
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)
PSEQ will be used to estimate the self-efficacy
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)
SPADI is a self-reported questionnaire and it will be used to assess the disability
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is an effective instrument used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in adults.
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Work Ability Index (WAI)
WAI will be used to assess the work ability
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK)
TSK is a self-reported scale and it will be used to assess the kinesiophobia
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D)
EQ-5D will be used to assess the quality of life
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
3-Minute Step Test (3MST)
3MST will be used to assess the cardiovascular capacity
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)
Hand Grip
Hand Grip will be used to assess the strength of forearm muscles
Time frame: Only one time (baseline)