Uterine Microbiome in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

1. Recurrent pregnancy loss patients Inclusion Criteria: * 18-38 years old * Having a regular menstrual cycle, from 25 to 35 days * Having ≥ 2 recurrent pregnancy loss and * Couples with normal karyotype results * Having no condition causing pregnancy loss such as antiphospholipid syndrome, abnormal thyroid function. * Agree to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: * Irregular menstrual cycle * Having uterine abnormalities (e.g., adenomyosis, intrauterine adhesions, unicornuate/ bicornuate/ arcuate uterus; unremoved hydrosalpinx, endometrial polyp, submucosal fibroid) * Using intrauterine device within the last 3 months * Using antibiotic/vaginal pessary/contraceptive pills within 2 weeks * Having sexual intercourse within 48 hours 2. Healthy control patients Inclusion Criteria: * 18-38 years old * Having a regular menstrual cycle, from 25 to 35 days * No history of pregnancy loss * Having 1 or more live birth, with the youngest child ≥ 6 months old * Agree to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: * Irregular menstrual cycle * Having uterine abnormalities (e.g., adenomyosis, intrauterine adhesions, unicornuate/ bicornuate/ arcuate uterus; unremoved hydrosalpinx, endometrial polyp, submucosal fibroid) * Using intrauterine device within the last 3 months * Using antibiotic/vaginal pessary/contraceptive pills within 2 weeks * Having sexual intercourse within 48 hours