This is an observational study in which data from people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) who have already started or will start CKD or T2D treatment are collected and studied. In observational studies, only observations are made without specified advice or interventions. People receiving the following CKD or T2D treatments as recommended by their doctors will be included: * Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), * Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), * Steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (sMRA), * Finerenone, a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (nsMRA) * Other nsMRA (only in Japan) Kidneys filter extra water and waste from the blood and make urine. CKD is a long-term, progressive decrease in the kidneys' ability to properly filter blood. In people with T2D, the body does not make enough of a hormone called insulin or does not use insulin well enough, resulting in high blood sugar levels that can cause damage to the kidneys. As a result, CKD can occur as a complication of T2D. The new drug, finerenone, works by blocking certain proteins, called mineralocorticoid receptors. An increased stimulation of these proteins is thought to damage the kidneys. By lowering their stimulation, finerenone reduces the risk of progressive worsening of the kidney disease. Finerenone is available and approved in several countries for doctors to prescribe to people with CKD and T2D. The main purpose of the study is to collect and describe characteristics of participants in each treatment group who have started or will start treatment before and after finerenone became available. To do this, the researchers will collect data on: * Patient characteristics (e.g., age sex) of the participants * Clinical characteristics (e.g., history of CKD and T2D, heart and liver health, other health problems) of the participants * Treatments for T2D and CKD * Other medications used Data will be grouped by type of treatment that is initiated (e.g., SGLT2i, a GLP-1 RA, a sMRA, finerenone, or other nsMRA). Two time periods will be compared. Study period I is the time until finerenone became available in the respective country, starting from 2012 (2014 for Japan). Study period II will begin when finerenone becomes available in the respective country and will end at the end of the study (planned in September 2024). Researchers will also collect data on treatment patterns and changes for each type of treatment in both time periods. Health care data will be collected from various sources in five countries (e.g., Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, and the US). The patients will receive their treatment as prescribed by their doctors during routine practice according to the approved product information. Each patient will be in the study from first use (in Study period I and II) of one of the listed drug classes until: * End of study * The data are somehow no longer available * The patient leaves or has to leave the study
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
50,000
Retrospective analysis using secondary data collection from various sources
Retrospective analysis using secondary data collection from various sources
Retrospective analysis using secondary data collection from various sources
Retrospective analysis using secondary data collection from various sources
Retrospective analysis using secondary data collection from various sources
Optum CDM
Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States
Many Locations
Multiple Locations, Denmark
Many Locations
Multiple Locations, Japan
Many Locations
Multiple Locations, Netherlands
Many Locations
Multiple Locations, Spain
Descriptive summary of baseline patient characteristics
Demographic (Age, Sex, Race and Socioeconomic status ) and clinical characteristics (markers of severity of T2D and of kidney dysfunction ) data will be collected.
Time frame: Baseline study periods I and II
Descriptive summary of patient comorbidities
History of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, Congestive heart failure, Severe liver disease, Other comorbidities measured by the Charlson or similar comorbidity indices. Lifestyle factors as Body mass index (BMI) or evidence of obesity, Smoking status, and alcohol abuse and alcohol abuse-related conditions, as available in each data source.
Time frame: Baseline study periods I and II
Descriptive summary of patient comedications
Medications for T2D, CKD and other relevant medications.
Time frame: Baseline study periods I and II
Descriptive summary of changes over time in treatments in the new-user cohorts
Time frame: From Day 1 until Censor Day (at the earliest of death, disenrolment, exclusion criteria during follow-up, or end of the study period) [up to 114 months for study period I and up to 39 months for study period II].
Descriptive summary of temporal changes in the baseline characteristics of medication-specific cohorts
Time frame: Baseline up to 114 months for study period I and up to 39 months for study period II
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.