Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Exercise for Older Adults With Chronic Pain

Change from baseline anxiety at 8 weeks

The Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) is used to measure anxiety, it is a 2-item scale, each item is rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), where higher scores indicate higher anxiety levels. Scores range between 0 and 21.

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline psychological flexibility at 8 weeks

The Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (CompACT-SF) scale is used to measure psychological flexibility, it is an 8-items scale, using a 7-point rating of which 0 represents strongly disagree and 6 as strongly agree. Higher scores represent higher psychological flexibility. 3 subscales: Value Action Subscale, Openness to Experience, Behavioural Awareness, of which questions 2,3,4,7 are reverse scored.

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline pain self-efficacy at 8 weeks

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ-2) is used to measure pain self-efficacy. It is a 2-items self-report, 7-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all confident) to 6 (completely confident), of which higher scores indicate stronger self-efficacy. Max score 12

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline health-related quality of life at 8 weeks

The 12-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-12) is used to measure health-related quality of life, it is a 12 items scale, consisting of 2 subscales: Physical component score (PCS) and Mental component score (MCS). Max. score 100, higher scores indicate better physical functioning and mental health.

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline gait speed at 8 weeks

Time up and go (TUG) is used to measure gait speed. A chair with handles is placed 3m away from an obstacle, participants are instructed to rise from the chair without touching the handles, walk to the point then return to the chair in a seated position as quickly as possible. The rating is based on the number of seconds it takes for the individual to return to the initial position where: less than 10 sec. is normal, less than 20 sec. is independent and can displace without aid, and lastly, less than 30 sec. demonstrates that that individual has difficulty walking and requires assistance with daily activity.

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline physical balance at 8 weeks

A modified 4-Stage balanced test is used to measure physical balance, it requires the individual to stand in 4 different positions progressively for 10 seconds each. The 4 positions include: stand with feet side-by-side, place the instep of one foot next to the other foot's big toe, tandem stand, and stand with one foot. If the tandem stand cannot be held for 10 sec. indicates that the elderly is at risk of falling.

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline lower body strength at 8 weeks

30 seconds sit to stand test is used to measure lower body strength. The participants are instructed to sit in the middle of the chair (17 inches from the ground) with hands across the chest and both feet flat on the ground. With the back straight, the participants are to rise from the chair to a standing position and then return to the sitting position for 30 seconds. The score is compared with the norm to evaluate the risk of falls.

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline upper body functioning at 8 weeks

Grip Strength is used to measure upper body functioning. The individual is asked to sit with their back straight and arms straight on the side. The dynamometer set at the second handle will be squeezed as hard as possible alternating hands after trial. 2 trials will be taken on each hand and the sum of it will be calculated. The results will be compared to the norms to determine the participant's level of upper body functioning

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)

Change from baseline aerobic fitness at 8 weeks

2-min step test is used to test aerobic fitness. The individual is instructed to lift their knee to the height halfway between the iliac crest and to the patella for a total of 2 minutes. The score is the number achieved with the right knee throughout 2 minutes at the given height. The scores will then be compared to norms to determine the participant's level of aerobic fitness

Time frame: Baseline(T0) and 8 weeks after baseline (T1)