Effects of Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Isometric muscle strength

Isometric muscle strength of elbow flexor muscles was evaluated by hand dynamometer. Participant elbow Seated in chair with forearm supinated at 90 degrees of flexion. Flexor of the forearm by placing it on the face proximal to the styloid process and flexing the elbow of the participant for 5 seconds. direction was requested. (maximum voluntary isometric contraction) and movement A force was applied in the opposite direction by the evaluator. 3 measurements were made at 30 second intervals and recorded by taking the average.

Time frame: Four days

Two-point discrimination

In our study, this measurement was made with a disc-criminator. This tool is embedded at varying intervals each It consists of two plastic discs containing rods. The distance between the bars varies from 1mm to 25mm. The value that the subjects felt as two points was recorded.

Time frame: Four days

Liver enzymes (aminotransferases)

The general name of these enzymes, which are specific to the liver and are frequently used to determine liver damage, are aminotransferases and consist of ALT, AST, Alkaline Phosphatase, Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase. ALT and especially AST are synthesized in skeletal and cardiac muscle, Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase in kidneys, Alkaline Phosphatase in bones and intestinal epithelial cells. Increases in ALT and AST levels are proportional to the level of cell damage in the body, and therefore, they are biochemical markers that are important in the progression of the damage or in the follow-up of the healing process. In heavy exercises, increases in AST and ALT enzyme levels are observed depending on the duration and intensity of the exercise.

Time frame: Four days

Creatine kinase

Serum CC is the intramuscular enzyme responsible for keeping ATP at the appropriate level during muscle contraction. In addition, it is the most valid protein that increases after exercise as the most important marker of muscle damage. An increase in the serum CC level indicates that the membrane surrounding the muscle cell is ruptured or its permeability is increased. The peak time of serum CC, which increases after exercise, varies depending on the type, intensity and duration of exercise. In general, it was stated that serum CC level started to rise after exercise, reached its highest level after 24 hours and continued for 48 hours.

Time frame: Four days

Lactate dehydrogenase

Another enzyme used to assess muscle damage is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic glycolysis. In muscle damage after exercise, serum LDH level reaches its highest value in the first 6 hours and returns to its pre-exercise basal level 24-72 hours later.

Time frame: Four days

Myoglobin

It is a low-molecule protein found in heart and skeletal muscle and provides storage of oxygen and transport to mitochondria in the muscle cell. There are three different isoforms of myoglobin in skeletal muscle, and its secretion increases as a result of the deterioration of protein structures due to muscle damage after heavy exercises. After muscle damage, myoglobin level increases within 2 hours, reaches its highest value in 6-9 hours and returns to normal in 24-36 hours.

Time frame: Four days

Interleukin-1 beta

It is a low-molecule protein found in heart and skeletal muscle and provides storage of oxygen and transport to mitochondria in the muscle cell. There are three different isoforms of myoglobin in skeletal muscle, and its secretion increases as a result of the deterioration of protein structures due to muscle damage after heavy exercises. After muscle damage, myoglobin level increases within 2 hours, reaches its highest value in 6-9 hours and returns to normal in 24-36 hours.

Time frame: Four days

C reactive protein

CRP is another generally accepted marker of inflammation and is synthesized by the liver in response to high plasma levels of IL-6 in the body. CRP level is significantly increased in acute myocardial infarction, stress, trauma, infection, inflammation, post-surgery or neoplastic proliferation. The increase in CRP in muscle damage and inflammation that occurs after exercise begins within 6-8 hours and reaches its peak levels within 24-48 hours. However, studies give conflicting information about whether the CRP level will increase with exercise. These results suggest that more research is needed to fully understand the effects of plasma CRP response after vigorous exercise.

Time frame: Four days

Carbonic anhydrase III

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) is a member of a multigene family (at least six separate genes are known) that encode carbonic anhydrase isozymes. These carbonic anhydrases are a class of metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide and are differentially expressed in a number of cell types.

Time frame: Four days