In 2020 an independent evaluation of the Zio service as part of the Digital Health Technologies programme at NICE was conducted. From the available clinical and economic evidence, the evaluation concluded that further evidence is needed to estimate the resource use associated with Zio compared with standard care, particularly the number of outpatient visits and repeat testing needed. Additionally it recommended further evidence is needed for the longer-term clinical consequences such as anticoagulant uptake and other changes to treatment related to the results from monitoring. (MTG52) Therefore, this study aims to address these uncertainties and identify whether the Zio service could be used in the health and social care system in England. This will be assessed using a multicentre, cohort study design consisting of two cohorts. The data for the existing standard of care cohort using Holter monitor (cohort 1) will be collected from 6-month retrospective pre-covid data, and, for the Zio service cohort (cohort 2), data will be collected retrospectively over a 6-month period. Each cohort will include two separate populations recruited from cardiology clinics and stroke/TIA clinics. The main objective of this study is to analyse quantitative data collected from participating sites and complementary qualitative data on Zio utilisation from questionnaires
The proposed study is a multi-centre, cohort study that will collect 6-month control data from a cohort of participants wearing Holter devices (2018-2019) and match this data to a 6-month cohort of patients wearing Zio patches (2021 - 2022). An additional cohort of patients using the Zio patch from both the cardiology and stroke/TIA population will be included for the patient experience aspect of the study. Other designs have been considered but from a pragmatic point of view and the need for a "real-world" evaluation this is the preferred alternative with the caveat that there may not be an exact match between the two patient groups. The proposed study is a multi-centre, cohort study that will collect 6-month baseline data from a retrospective cohort of participants wearing Holter devices and match this data to a 6-month retrospective cohort of patients wearing Zio patches. Zio is standard of care at the NHS sites participating in this study, but it is not standard of care across the NHS. The standard of care received by patients involved in this study will not be affected by their participation in the study. However, should Zio be adopted more widely by the NHS, a change in pathway will be required. The Zio device is CE marked as a Class IIa and will be used within its intended purpose. Two separate populations will be considered for this study: cardiology outpatients and patients at risk of (or who have had a previous) stroke or TIA. Each of these populations will comprise a control cohort for Holter monitor and a cohort for Zio service, which will be analysed separately. A separate cohort comprising of participants prescribed Zio will be included in a qualitative analysis to assess their experience of using Zio and previous experience of using Holter monitor within the past 2 years, where applicable. This will allow for a comparative analysis of patient experience. For patients in the cohort who have not had prior experience of using Holter monitor, a questionnaire will be administered to assess their experience of using Zio only. Given the potential for a shift in the spectrum of the population that may be expected when Zio is implemented, propensity score matching will be utilised to compare the Holter and Zio cohorts for both the stroke/TIA and cardiology arms.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
1,440
There will be no intervention. Standard of care at participating NHS organizations will not be affected.
Time to device being fitted
Time to device being fitted
Time frame: 6 months
Time to diagnosis
Time to diagnosis
Time frame: 6 months
Time to treatment decision
Time to treatment decision - referral for anticoagulant prescription or other clinical intervention, where needed
Time frame: 6 months
Resource utilisation
Resource utilisation
Time frame: 6 months
Time to ECG report
Time to ECG report
Time frame: 6 months
Time to repeat ambulatory ECG test referrals
Time to repeat ambulatory ECG test referrals
Time frame: 6 months
Number of insertable cardiac monitors such as LINQ implants
Number of insertable cardiac monitors such as LINQ implants
Time frame: 6 months
Number of hospital visits
Number of hospital visits
Time frame: 6 months
Number of inconclusive follow-up appointments
Number of inconclusive follow-up appointments
Time frame: 6 months
Number of device failures / adverse events
Number of device failures / adverse events
Time frame: 6 months
Proportion of patients that undergo full monitoring following referral
Proportion of patients that undergo full monitoring following referral
Time frame: 6 months
Diagnostic yield
Diagnostic yield
Time frame: 6 months
"Rule out"
"Rule out" - number of patients with non-clinically significant arrhythmia
Time frame: 6 months
Time to discharge of patients with non-clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia
Time to discharge of patients with non-clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia
Time frame: 6 months
Settlement of patient's GP surgery - urban or rural area
Settlement of patient's GP surgery - urban or rural area
Time frame: 6 months
Patient experience
Patient experience of using Zio
Time frame: 6 months
Clinical experience of using Zio
Clinical experience of using Zio
Time frame: 6 months
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