Clinical study: * Methods: observational transversal two-arm cohort study including adults living with HIV (PLHIV) and HIV negative subjects (HIV-) at intermediate cardiovascular risk. No study specific interventions were performed. * Participants: consecutively recruited at two large public hospitals in Paris and Annecy, France where participants were referred for routine cardiac risk stratification. * Recruitment: was from June 2013 until April 2016. * Data: anonymous study data were collected during the ambulatory visit. No follow-up was conducted. Study objectives: * Primary: compare coronary artery calcification (CAC) score between PLHIV and HIV- in order to bridge gaps in current knowledge. * Secondary: assess parameters linked to CAC score including predictors and their prevalence, association with carotid/femoral atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk scores (ASCVD and HEART score). Study hypotheses: * Primary: CAC scores would not be different between PLHIV and HIV- * Secondary: prevalence of traditional CV risk factors would be lower in PLHIV but that HIV-related nontraditional CV risk factors (including lower grade chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and ARV exposure duration) would be associated with higher CAC scores and higher CV risk scores Study Rational: * PLHIV have an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events compared to the general population. Primary prevention for PLHIV is important but challenging as traditional cardiovascular risk scores do not account for HIV-related factors. * Computed tomography coronary artery calcium (CAC) score using the Agatston score is useful for detecting and quantifying coronary calcifications. In the general population, CAC score is predictive of future cardiovascular events.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
689
Agatston method quantified coronary calcification. A prospectively ECG-triggered, non-contrasted CAC score used a non-enhanced low radiation cardiac CT scan provided onsite at both centers. Quantification of CAC was performed using a SOMATOM Definition Edge or SOMATOM Force (Siemens Medical Solutions) with standard mediastinal parameters (width, 350 Hounsfield units; level, 50 Hounsfield units), and according to the current guidelines for CAC scoring of non-contrast non-cardiac chest CT scans.
Computed tomography coronary artery calcium (CAC) score using the Agatston score
The investigators will measure the CAC score using the Agatston score. Agatston score scale: 0 (lowest risk) to \>400 (severely increased risk) Agatston score interpretation: * lower scores mean lower risk * higher scores mean higher risk We will measure Agatston score then assign patients to one of four groups: CAC score = 0; CAC score 1-99, CAC score 100-399, CAC score \> 400
Time frame: One test was performed between June 2013 and April 2016
Distribution of cardiovascular risk factors
The investigators will measure the prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors by medical interview, review of medical records and biochemical laboratory tests. \- Traditional cardiovascular risk factors include: tobacco use, diabetes (fasting glucose and anti-diabetic drug use), hypertension (blood pressure measurement and antihypertensive drug use), lipid abnormalities (lipid panel and lipid-lowering drug use) We will measure the prevalence of non-traditional HIV-related cardiovascular risk factors by medical interview, medical records review and biochemical laboratory tests. \- Non-traditional HIV-related cardiovascular risk factors include: HIV duration, antiretroviral regimen and duration, viral load, lymphocyte count and nadir.
Time frame: One assessment was performed between June 2013 and April 2016
Rate of carotid and femoral plaques
The investigators will use non-invasive ultrasound to measure carotid and femoral atherosclerosis.
Time frame: One assessment was performed between June 2013 and April 2016
Distribution of cardiovascular risk scores (ASCVD and HEART score): low, median and high level.
The investigators will calculate cardiovascular risk using the ASCVD model and the HEART model.
Time frame: One assessment was performed between June 2013 and April 2016
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