Comparative Analysis of da Vinci-Assisted and Laparoscopic Duodenal Switch Bariatric Surgical Procedures

Inclusion Criteria- 1. Patients who are ≥ 18 years old and had a primary laparoscopic or robotic-assisted bariatric surgery procedure with a duodenal switch (DS) defined herein as BPD-DS, SADI-S, or OADS; and, 2. Met one of the below qualifications: * Body mass index (BMI) \> 40 kg/m2 OR * BMI \> 35 kg/m2 and had one of the following obesity-related co-morbidities such as type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnea and other respiratory disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, lipid abnormalities, gastrointestinal disorders, or heart disease according to the US Centers of Medicare \& Medicaid Services (CMS) criteria for the use of bariatric surgery in adults Exclusion Criteria- * Were diagnosed with cancer; or * Underwent an outpatient DS bariatric surgical procedure; or * Underwent an emergent DS bariatric surgical procedure; or * Underwent a DS procedure concomitant to a different primary procedure (i.e., colon resection) * Underwent a revisional DS bariatric surgical procedure (i.e., patient had a prior bariatric procedure within three (3) years of the DS procedure) * Have missing operating room (OR) time data (i.e., incomplete billing record)