Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes of Endovascular Revascularization in Lower Extremity Arteriosclerosis Occlusion

Overview

Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) is one of the most common peripheral artery diseases (PADs) which causes ischemic symptoms of the lower limbs. Endovascular treatment has emerged as the most commonly used and efficient treatment option for PAD. However, adverse cardiovascular and lower extremity outcomes are inevitable, which remains a challenge for the vascular surgeon. ASO can be characterized by intermittent claudication, ischemic resting pain, and severe lower extremity ischemia. Known risk factors for lower extremity ASO include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, chronic renal insufficiency, inflammatory indicators, etc. Endovascular revascularization is widely used at present. Many clinical centers choose endovascular therapy as the revascularization method of choice because of the lower incidence of complications and mortality compared with surgery, and the possibility of switching to open surgery if treatment fails. Luminal therapy is recommended when intermittent claudication affects quality of life, exercise or medical therapy is not effective, and clinical features suggest that endovascular therapy can improve the patient's symptoms and has a good risk benefit. At present, endovascular revascularization is widely used, but the incidence of adverse cardiovascular and lower extremity outcomes is still high, and the risk factors affecting the adverse outcomes after endovascular revascularization are still unclear. The aim of this study is to explore the risk factors affecting the poor outcome of endovascular revascularization for lower extremity ASO, and to provide precise prevention strategies for improving the prognosis of the patients. This study was designed as a single-center, prospective observational study. A total of 500 adult patients with lower extremity ASO who underwent endovascular revascularization in the Departments of Vascular Surgery and Peripheral Vascular in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were enrolled as the study cohort. The exclusion criteria includes patients with severe infections, tumors, liver and kidney failure, autoimmune diseases, and incomplete baseline data. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and serum biochemical parameters were collected at baseline. The patients were followed up 1-3 years after interventional therapy. Follow-up included adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke), lower extremity adverse events (resting pain, gangrene, amputation), and all-cause death. Multivariate COX regression analysis is used to analyze the influencing factors of poor prognosis in patients with lower extremity ASO undergoing endovascular revascularization.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) is one of the most common peripheral artery diseases (PADs) which causes ischemic symptoms of the lower limbs. Endovascular treatment has emerged as the most commonly used and efficient treatment option for PAD. However, adverse cardiovascular and lower extremity outcomes are inevitable, which remains a challenge for the vascular surgeon. Pathologically, stenosis of the lower extremity arteries caused by arteriosclerosis has been regarded as the main cause of PAD. Lower extremity ASO is a chronic progressive disease caused by arteriosclerosis, which causes thickening of the intima of the feeding arteries of the lower extremity, lumen stenosis or occlusion, and insufficient blood supply to the diseased limb, resulting in intermittent claudication of the lower extremity, decreased skin temperature, pain, and even ulceration or necrosis. It is often the manifestation of systemic arteriosclerosis vasculopathy in the lower extremity arteries. ASO can be characterized by intermittent claudication, ischemic resting pain, and severe lower extremity ischemia. The main cause of lower limb ASO is atherosclerosis, and its incidence rises with age. The incidence of ASO in people over 70 years old is 15-20%, and the incidence of ASO in men is slightly higher than that in women. Known risk factors for lower extremity ASO include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, chronic renal insufficiency, inflammatory indicators, etc. In terms of treatment, in addition to the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensive drugs, diabetes treatment, smoking cessation, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, endovascular revascularization is widely used at present. Many clinical centers choose endovascular therapy as the revascularization method of choice because of the lower incidence of complications and mortality compared with surgery, and the possibility of switching to open surgery if treatment fails. Luminal therapy is recommended when intermittent claudication affects quality of life, exercise or medical therapy is not effective, and clinical features suggest that endovascular therapy can improve the patient's symptoms and has a good risk benefit. There are many endovascular techniques for the treatment of lower extremity ASO, including percutaneous balloon dilatation, stent implantation, plaque resection, laser plasty, cutting balloon, drug balloon, cryoballoplasty, thrombolytic therapy with drugs or thrombectomy. At present, endovascular revascularization is widely used, but the incidence of adverse cardiovascular and lower extremity outcomes is still high, and the risk factors affecting the adverse outcomes after endovascular revascularization are still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the risk factors affecting the poor outcome of endovascular revascularization for lower extremity ASO, and to provide precise prevention strategies for improving the prognosis of the patients. This study was designed as a single-center, prospective observational study. A total of 500 adult patients with lower extremity ASO who underwent endovascular revascularization in the Departments of Vascular Surgery and Peripheral Vascular in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University were enrolled as the study cohort. The exclusion criteria includes patients with severe infections, tumors, liver and kidney failure, autoimmune diseases, and incomplete baseline data. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and serum biochemical parameters were collected before operation. The patients were followed up 1 year after operation. Follow-up included adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke), lower extremity adverse events (resting pain, gangrene, amputation), and all-cause death. According to the estimation principle of multivariate COX regression for sample size, the minimum sample size of each group should be multiplied by the observed variable by 10-15, and the observed variable is estimated to be 10-15, so the minimum sample size of each group is estimated to be between 150-225, and the overall sample size is about 300. Multivariate COX regression analysis is used to analyze the influencing factors of poor prognosis in patients with lower extremity ASO undergoing endovascular revascularization.