The objective of this study is to investigate how different types of meat consumed with two different dietary patterns affect risk for disease.
Association studies have suggested that dietary meat intake may have negative impacts on health. However, these association studies have done a poor job separating meat intake from overall dietary pattern, as well as isolating effects of processed meat from minimally processed meat. Meat is a good source of several essential nutrients, including high quality protein, iron, and vitamin B12. This dietary intervention is designed to investigate the effects of minimally processed meat and further proceeded meat, as part of two different dietary patterns (the typical American dietary pattern and Dietary Guidelines dietary pattern) on outcomes related to chronic diseases.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
60
Participants will consume a diet with a high Healthy Eating Index along with meat that is minimally processed.
Participants will consume a diet with a high Healthy Eating Index along with meat that is further processed.
Participants will consume a diet with a typical Healthy Eating Index along with meat that is minimally processed.
USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
Beltsville, Maryland, United States
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
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Participants will consume a diet with a typical Healthy Eating Index along with meat that is further processed.
Time frame: Day 105
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Carnitine Concentration
Carnitine, which plays a role to reduce oxidative stress, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Choline Concentration
Choline, a molecule involved in methyl transfer and lipid formation and support of healthy blood vessels, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which helps make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Betaine Concentration
Betaine, which help make carnitine and supports heart health, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
TMA (trimethylamine) Concentration
TMA (trimethylamine), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) Concentration
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), a metabolite of gastrointestinal bacteria, will be analyzed in blood in units of micromol/L to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Total Cholesterol Concentration
Total cholesterol will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
LDL Cholesterol Concentration
LDL cholesterol, including its subfractions LDL1, LDL2, LDL3, and LDL4, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
HDL Cholesterol Concentration
HDL cholesterol, including its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Triglyceride Concentration
Triglycerides will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Apolipoprotein Concentration
Apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) Concentration
Lipoprotein(a) will be analyzed in blood in units of mg/dl to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size
Low Density Lipoprotein particle size will be analyzed in blood in units of nm to assess the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 1
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 2
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 35
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 36
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 70
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 71
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 105
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 106
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 140
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) will be measured as mm Hg, as a reflection of cardiovascular health.
Time frame: Day 141
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 1
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 2
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 35
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 36
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 70
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 71
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 105
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 106
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 140
Gut microbiota
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bacterial RNA sequences. Bacterial RNA sequences will reflect those bacteria (gut microbiota) who are actively expressing genes (and data will be expressed as operational taxonomic units) and will also reflect which genes are actively being expressed (and data will be expressed as RNA sequences).
Time frame: Day 141
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 1
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 2
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 35
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 36
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 70
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 71
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 105
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 106
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 140
Bile acid Concentration
Fecal samples will be analyzed for bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acids, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acids) and will be expressed in micromoles. Bile acids reflect gut bacterial activity and impact cancer and other health conditions.
Time frame: Day 141
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 1
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 2
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 35
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 36
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 70
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 71
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 105
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 106
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 140
Glucose Concentration
Glucose in blood will be measured in mg/dL as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 141
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 1
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 2
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 35
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 36
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 70
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 71
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 105
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 106
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 140
Insulin Concentration
Insulin will be measured in blood in units of microIU/ml as a reflection of glucose regulation.
Time frame: Day 141
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 1
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 4
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 5
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 9
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 10
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 14
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 15
Diet Satisfaction
Diet satisfaction will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters, with higher values representing higher satisfaction.
Time frame: Week 19
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 1
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 4
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 5
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 9
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 10
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 14
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 15
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger and satiety will be measured by questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, with responses measured in millimeters. Higher mm values for hunger indicate greater hunger; higher mm values for satiety indicate greater satiety.
Time frame: Week 19
24-Hour Dietary Recall
Prior to the start of the intervention, a 24-hour dietary recall interview will be conducted to assess food intake during the previous day. Data will be expressed as specific foods and how much of each food (grams) was consumed. The assessment will occur prior to the start of the dietary intervention, during baseline measurements, at approximately 5 to 7 days, and at approximately 3 to 5 days, and at approximately 1 to 3 days before the start of the dietary intervention (week 1).
Time frame: 5 to 7 days before Day 1
24-Hour Dietary Recall
Prior to the start of the intervention, a 24-hour dietary recall interview will be conducted to assess food intake during the previous day. Data will be expressed as specific foods and how much of each food (grams) was consumed. The assessment will occur prior to the start of the dietary intervention, during baseline measurements, at approximately 5 to 7 days, and at approximately 3 to 5 days, and at approximately 1 to 3 days before the start of the dietary intervention (week 1).
Time frame: 3 to 5 days before Day 1
24-Hour Dietary Recall
Prior to the start of the intervention, a 24-hour dietary recall interview will be conducted to assess food intake during the previous day. Data will be expressed as specific foods and how much of each food (grams) was consumed. The assessment will occur prior to the start of the dietary intervention, during baseline measurements, at approximately 5 to 7 days, and at approximately 3 to 5 days, and at approximately 1 to 3 days before the start of the dietary intervention (week 1).
Time frame: 1 to 3 days before Day 1
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 1
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 2
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 35
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 36
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 70
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 71
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 105
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 106
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 140
IL6 Concentration
IL6, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of pg/ml.
Time frame: Day 141
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 1
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 2
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 35
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 36
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 70
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 71
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 105
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 106
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 140
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentration
C-Reactive Protein, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 141
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 1
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 2
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 35
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 36
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 70
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 71
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 105
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 106
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 140
Serum Amyloid A Concentration
Serum Amyloid A, which is a measure of inflammation, will be measured in blood in units of ng/ml.
Time frame: Day 141