This study will investigate the biological mechanisms linking sleep disruption by noise and the development of disease. In a laboratory sleep study, the investigators will play synthesised automotive tyre sounds, investigating how acoustical characteristics of tyre noise impact on sleep macrostructure, cardiometabolic profile and cognitive performance (continuous traffic flow or a few individual, but higher level, traffic pass-bys). The investigators will also measure objective sleep quality and quantity, cognitive performance across multiple domains, self-reported sleep and wellbeing outcomes, and blood samples. Blood samples will be analysed to identify metabolic changes in different nights. Identifying biomarkers that are impacted by sleep fragmentation will establish the currently unclear pathways by which chronic noise exposure at night can lead to the development of diseases in the long term, especially cardiometabolic disorders.
The experimental sleep study has the overarching goal of deepening our understanding of sleep disruption by automotive tyre noise and changes in cardiometabolic and cognitive function. To this end, the study will address the following independent aims: Aim 1: Determine the biological and neurobehavioural consequences of sleep disruption by tyre noise. The investigators will measure the sleep of healthy volunteers, and each morning the investigators will obtain blood samples for metabolomics analysis and administer a neurocognitive test battery. The investigators will compare effects on sleep, metabolomics and cognitive function between quiet nights and nights with road traffic noise. Aim 2: Identify acoustical characteristics of tyre noise that are especially disturbing physiologically. The investigators will use different combinations of types of tyre noise in different noise exposure nights to determine differential effects on sleep and cardiovascular response. This study will take place in the sound environment laboratory (SEL) at the University of Gothenburg Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets- och miljömedicin \[AMM\]). The SEL is a high fidelity research laboratory equipped to simulate a typical apartment, including three individually light-, sound- and vibration-isolated private bedrooms. Ceiling mounted speakers in each room allow the investigators to create a realistic acoustic environment by transmitting sound exposures from the control room to each bedroom individually. The investigators have shown previously that results from this lab with high ecological validity are comparable with results from the field. There will be two study arms, each one affording the opportunity to investigate different acoustical characteristics of tyre noise and their physiological effects. Each of these study arms has a prospective within-subjects cross-over design. Participants (study 1 N=15; study 2 N=30; total N=45 across both arms) will each spend six consecutive nights in the SEL, with a sleep opportunity between 23:00-07:00. Daytime sleep will be prohibited, confirmed with measures of daytime activity via wrist actigraphy monitors worn continuously throughout the study. Three subjects will take part concurrently, in separate bedrooms. The first night is a habituation period to the study protocol and for familiarisation with the test procedures. Study nights 2-6 are the experimental nights and will be randomly assigned across participants using a Latin square design to avoid first-order carryover effects. Each subject will be exposed to each of the following: One quiet night: No noise will be played, serving as a control night to assess individual baseline sleep, cardiometabolic profile, and cognitive performance; Four traffic noise nights: Tyre noise from road traffic noise be played into the rooms to determine the effects of noise on sleep, cardiometabolic function and cognitive performance. These noise nights will be in a 2×2 factorial design so that the investigators can examine each combination of two specific noise characteristics. Each night the investigators will record physiologic sleep with polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG). Each study morning, subjects will provide a 4 ml blood sample, complete cognitive testing and answer questionnaires and will depart the SEL to follow their normal daytime routine. They will return to the SEL at 20:00 each evening to prepare for sleep measurements. Caffeine will be prohibited after 15:00 and alcohol will be prohibited at all times. Because extreme and/or variable dietary behaviour can affect the metabolome/lipoprotein profile, participants will be given guidance that they should eat a similar evening meal on each day of the laboratory study, confirmed with a food diary, The actual meal itself can be different for different study participants, because the study has a within-subjects design. Sleep will be recorded with ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG) and finger pulse photoplethysmogram. Data are recorded offline onto the sleep recorder, and will be downloaded and checked every study morning to ensure data quality. In addition to traditional sleep analysis performed by the research group at the University of Gothenburg, raw PSG data will be used to calculate the Odds Ratio Project, a novel metric of sleep depth and stability. Each study morning subjects will provide a 4 ml blood sample for plasma metabolomics analysis. To ensure reliable data, blood samples will be taken at the same time every day to mitigate circadian effects, before eating or drinking anything except water, and each sample will be handled in the same way i.e. centrifuged, aliquoted and stored in -80C freezers. Subjects will eat the same food each study evening to mitigate within-subject dietary effects on the blood metabolome. Each morning, subjects will complete a computerised cognitive test battery taking approximately 20 minutes, that includes 10 tests across a range of cognitive domains (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance). Cognition data will be analysed to determine key measures of cognitive speed and accuracy, adjusting for practice effects and the difficulty of the stimulus set. Subjects will complete a battery of one-time validated questionnaires to measure their general health (SF-36), chronotype, noise sensitivity, habitual sleep quality, environmental sensitivity, and annoyance and sleep disturbance by noise. Subjects will also answer a questionnaire each study evening and morning, involving questions on sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), sleep disturbance by noise, positive and negative affect (PANAS), and validated sleep and disturbance questions. Participants will wear a wrist actigraphy monitor continuously throughout the study period, and also for the week before the study, to confirm habitual sleep-wake times and to measure physical activity levels.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
45
Tyre noise from continuous traffic, throughout the night
Tyre noise from few, discrete traffic events, occurring throughout the night
Tyre noise corresponding up to 65 dB LAEq,24h
Tyre noise corresponding up to 60 dB LAEq,24h
Tyre noise corresponding up to 55 dB LAEq,24h
Tyre noise from traditional, air-filled tyres
Tyre noise from newly designed, airless composite tyres
University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Västra Götaland County, Sweden
Baseline total sleep time during the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Baseline total sleep time during the A1 night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Baseline total sleep time during the A2 night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Baseline total sleep time during the B1 night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Baseline total sleep time during the B2 night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total sleep time during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total sleep time during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total sleep time during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total sleep time during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of baseline N1 sleep during the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of baseline N2 sleep during the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of baseline N3 sleep during the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of baseline rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Baseline wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during the Control night
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Baseline number of awakenings during the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Number of awakenings during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Number of awakenings during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Number of awakenings during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Number of awakenings during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Time frame: One night
Baseline sleep onset latency (SOL) during the Control night
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Baseline sleep efficiency during the Control night
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Time frame: One night
Baseline sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during the Control night
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Time frame: One night
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Time frame: One night
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Time frame: One night
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Time frame: One night
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Time frame: One night
Spontaneous maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during the Control night
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over 120 sham noise events during the night.
Time frame: One night
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to tyre noise events combination A1
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Time frame: One night
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to tyre noise events combination A2
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Time frame: One night
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to tyre noise events combination B1
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Time frame: One night
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to tyre noise events combination B2
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural speed in the morning immediately after the Control night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural speed in the morning immediately after the A1 night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural speed in the morning immediately after the A2 night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural speed in the morning immediately after the B1 night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural speed in the morning immediately after the B2 night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy in the morning after the control night
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy in the morning after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy in the morning after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy in the morning after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy in the morning after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Baseline evening neurobehavioural speed following the Control night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Baseline evening neurobehavioural accuracy following the Control night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A1
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination A2
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B1
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal tyre noise combination B2
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Time frame: One night
Event-related Cardiovascular activation in response to noise during Control night
Change in heart rate (ECG)
Time frame: One night
Event-related Cardiovascular activation in response to noise during A1
Change in heart rate (ECG)
Time frame: One night
Event-related Cardiovascular activation in response to noise during A2
Change in heart rate (ECG)
Time frame: One night
Event-related Cardiovascular activation in response to noise during B1
Change in heart rate (ECG)
Time frame: One night
Event-related Cardiovascular activation in response to noise during B2
Change in heart rate (ECG)
Time frame: One night
Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale on the control night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale on the A1 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale on the A2 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale on the B1 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale on the B2 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale after the control night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale after the A1 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale after the A2 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale after the B1 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale after the B2 night
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Time frame: One night
Taurine concentration (mmol/L) immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Taurine concentration (mmol/L) in the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Taurine concentration (mmol/L) in the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Taurine concentration (mmol/L) in the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Taurine concentration (mmol/L) in the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Serotonin concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Serotonin concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Serotonin concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Serotonin concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Serotonin concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Tryptophan concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Tryptophan concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Tryptophan concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Tryptophan concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Tryptophan concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Leucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Valine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Valine concentration (mmol/L)In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Valine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Valine concentration (mmol/L)In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Valine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Diacylglycerol (36:3) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Diacylglycerol (36:3) concentration (mmol/L)In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Diacylglycerol (36:3) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Diacylglycerol (36:3) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Diacylglycerol (36:3) concentration (mmol/L)In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Lauroylcarnitine (C12:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Lauroylcarnitine (C12:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Lauroylcarnitine (C12:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Lauroylcarnitine (C12:0) concentration (mmol/L)In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Lauroylcarnitine (C12:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Octanoylcarnitine (C8:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Octanoylcarnitine (C8:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Octanoylcarnitine (C8:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Octanoylcarnitine (C8:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Octanoylcarnitine (C8:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Myristoylcarnitine (C14:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Myristoylcarnitine (C14:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Myristoylcarnitine (C14:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Myristoylcarnitine (C14:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Myristoylcarnitine (C14:0) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline 1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) concentration (mmol/L)In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Acylcarnitine C18:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C18:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C18:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C18:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C18:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Acylcarnitine C10:0 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C10:0 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C10:0 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C10:0 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Acylcarnitine C10:0 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Phosphatidylcholine 32:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 32:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 32:1 concentration (mmol/L)In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 32:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 32:1 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Basline Phosphatidylcholine 38:2 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:2 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:2 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:2 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:2 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Baseline Phosphatidylcholine 38:3 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:3 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:3 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination A2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:3 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B1
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
Phosphatidylcholine 38:3 concentration (mmol/L) In the morning immediately after the Tyre noise combination B2
Determined from GC-MS analysis of blood plasma
Time frame: One night
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