The study investigates the effects of a digital, scalable self-efficacy training of repeated recall of self-efficacy memories on mental health outcomes, such as self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes. A total of 94 students with elevated stress levels (≤ 13 on the Perceived Stress Scale) will be recruited and randomly assigned to training and control group. Individuals will either engage in the self-efficacy training app combined with Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) for 1 week (training group) or in EMA only for 1 week (control group). Baseline and post assessments will measure changes in self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes.
Self-efficacy is associated with positive mental health outcomes and has been proposed as a putative contributor to therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of mental health problems. It can be enhanced through experimental inductions and the recall of autobiographical mastery experiences, which have mostly been conducted in person and in the laboratory until today. The study will investigate effects of a digital, scalable self-efficacy training of repeated recall of self-efficacy memories on mental health outcomes, such as self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes. The study will recruit 94 students with elevated stress levels (≤ 13 on the Perceived Stress Scale) and randomly assigned them to training and control group. Individuals will either engage in the self-efficacy training app combined with Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) for 1 week (training group) or in EMA only for 1 week (control group). Baseline and post assessments will measure changes in self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and other mental health outcomes.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
94
The training starts with a psychoeducational video and instructions to define two autobiographical self-efficacy The individuals will then receive three self-efficacy trainings per day based on their autobiographical memories and combined with a slow breathing exercise. Additionally, they will receive 10 daily EMA questionnaires on mood, social contacts, and virtual context.
Birgit Kleim
Zurich, Select..., Switzerland
General self-efficacy
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer \& Jerusalem, 1995; Tipton \& Worthington, 1984) will measure the general self-efficacy.
Time frame: change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
Perceived stress
The Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, \& Mermelstein, 1983; Klein et al., 2016) will measure perceived stress.
Time frame: change from screening to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
Positive and negative affect
change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
Time frame: The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Krohne, Egloff, Kohlmann, & Tausch, 1996; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) will measure positive and negative affect.
Hope
The Trait Hope Scale (Krause, 2002; Snyder et al., 1991) will measure hope.
Time frame: change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
Depression
change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
Time frame: The Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer, Ball, & Ranieri, 1996; Kuhner, Burger, Keller, & Hautzinger, 2007) will measure depression.
Anxiety
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Laux, Glanzmann, Schaffner, \& Spielberger, 1981; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Gagg, \& Jacobs, 1983) will measure state and trait anxiety.
Time frame: change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
Hopelessness
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck, Weissman, Lester, \& Trexler, 1974; Kliem, Lohmann, Mossle, \& Brahler, 2018) will measure hopelessness.
Time frame: change from baseline to 1 day post intervention; time frame: 1 week
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