The objective of this study is to determine what are the most robust parameters for the measurement of emotional states in users suffering from cerebral palsy. Users have different ages (adults and children) with different capacities. Measures will be taken in different contexts where users will do several tasks pleasant and unpleasant. Some of the tasks involve physical activity, which must be taken into account due to the possible disturbance that it can introduce in the measures taken. It is intended to detect states of demotivation, fatigue, or physical or emotional stress. For this, we will use signals of two types: physiological measurements and inertial sensors. The handicap we find is that the subjects have difficulties expressing and recognizing emotional states, which rules out the use of a self-assessment test to contrast the measures taken. This makes us turn to their caregivers or family members or alternatively or in a complementary way to take measurements in contexts or situations of daily life where the emotional state induced in the subject is known. Once the parameters were established, the measurement of the emotional state will allow us to make a real-time evaluation of how the users are feeling during the tasks, in this way the activity can be better conducted by adapting it so that it is as efficient as possible and takes us to good results. Music will be studied as a motivating factor and for improving the emotional state when approaching rehabilitation therapies. There will be 4 sessions during which measurements will be recorded. 1: measurement of this parameter when he or she is in an activity of daily life that is pleasurable. 2: measurement of this parameter when he or she is in an activity of daily life that is of discomfort. 3: Measurement of this parameter during the performance of rehabilitation activities. 4: Measurement of this parameter during rehabilitation activities accompanied with music according to the preferences.
CONTEXT AND MEASUREMENT FREQUENCIES Four sessions will be held, divided into two parts: PART 1: Selection of dependent variables. The aim of the first two sessions is to be able to count a reference level for physiological variables in activities that provoke pleasant and unpleasant emotions, so that they can be used as a reference in Part 2; the purpose is to try to avoid dependence on the EVEA tests since the subjects will not always be able to express their emotions. The EVEA test is used as a reinforcer for a possible automatic classifier. * Session 1: measurement of parameters to the subject when he or she is in an activity of daily life that is pleasurable for him or her in the center. This session will be determined by conversation with the caregiver since it is particular for each subject. * Session 2: measurement of parameters to the subject when he or she is in an activity of daily life that is of discomfort for him or her in the center. This session will be determined by conversation with the caregiver since it is particular for each subject. Half of the participants will start with session 2 and then do session 1, while the rest will follow the reverse order. PART 2. Effect of music on the dependent variables during the performance of rehabilitation exercises * Session 3: Measurement of parameters to the subject during the performance of rehabilitation activities in the center. * Session 4: Measurement of parameters to the subject during rehabilitation activities in the center. The session will be accompanied with music according to the preferences of the subject. The pleasant motivational music to be played during session 4 will be selected by each user according to his or her musical preferences, or, failing that, will be transmitted to us by his or her caregiver. The rehabilitation activity should be a light exercise for the user, such as pedaling, limb extension, or any other that is measurable through inertial units. The specific activity that each user will have to perform will be determined by the medical staff and/or physiotherapist of each center, as it will be limited by the movement capacity of each participant. Although each session has a different theme, the structure of the sessions is similar. First, the sensors are placed on the volunteer; once it has been verified that the data are collected in an adequate manner, the data recording begins while the user is answering the EVEA test. This first part of the recording will be used as a baseline for the session, which should last at least two minutes. After that, the activity will start, which will not last more than 15 minutes; and to finish, a new EVEA test will be filled in, with identical restrictions to the first test. With these initial and final baselines, the differential of the measurements of each session can be detected, in addition to the analysis of the evolution of the subject during the activity. For each user, the protocol should be completed in two weeks, during the first week sessions 1 and 2, and during the second week sessions 3 and 4.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
40
Isabel M. Gomez
Seville, Andalusia, Spain
Average kinetic energy measurements (in joules) using inertial sensors
Four wearable devices in wrist, ankle, chest and head are used. All have inertial units. They provide information in the different contexts (scheduled sessions) about the energy expenditure that these entail. It should be studied whether this parameter is related to the emotional state.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
Instantaneous Heart Rate (in seconds)
We used a wearable placed in the chest with Ag/AgCl electrodes for ECG, placed following the Einthoven's II lead positions. The position of R wave is determined using an appropriate algorithm and then time difference between two consecutive R waves is calculated, this time difference is used to calculed HR. We used 30s-length sliding windows with an overlap of 50%. The instantaneous HR is given by the average HR in such a window after removing the outliers.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
The ratio between low frequency, (LF) and high frequency, (HF), (LF/HF)
We used a wearable placed in the chest with Ag/AgCl electrodes for Electrocardiogram (ECG) ,placed following the Einthoven's II lead positions. The ratio between low frequency , \[0.04 - 0.15\] Hz (LF) and high frequency, \[0.15 - 4\] Hz (HF) components of HRV, (LF/HF), shows the balance between the SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System) and the PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System).
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
Temporal parameters of Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
We used a wearable placed in the chest with Ag/AgCl electrodes for Electrocardiogram (ECG) ,placed following the Einthoven's II lead positions. The HRV is especially interesting because it allows to assess the activity of the parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways of the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System). HVR can be measured using temporal parameters such as: SDNN Standard deviation of NN intervals; RMSSD Root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats; pNN50 Percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50 ms.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
Tonic Skin Conductance Level (SCL)
This signal is the background tonic of the Electrodermal Activity signal (EDA). It will be measured by dry electrodes that were placed on the hearten and hypothenar eminences of the dominant hand.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
Parameters of Phasic Skin Conductance Response (SCR)
It will be measured by dry electrodes that were placed on the hearten and hypothenar eminences of the dominant hand This signal are constituted by the rapid phase components of the Electrodermal Activity signal (EDA). An SCR that cannot be attributed to a distinct stimulus is referred to as non-specific skin conductance response (NS-SCR). This category includes the spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance that are our case because we measured the signal in periods without stimulus.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
Fractal dimension of Electroencephalogram signal (EEG)
The EEG portrays the functioning of the brain. the recording of those signals will be done at a sampling rate of 125 Hz by OpenBCI. OpenBCI (https://openbci.com/) is a low-cost open-hardware device for the measure of EEG signals using 16 channels in positions FP1, FP2, F1, F2, F5, F6, Cz, C3, C4, T7, T8, Pz, P3, P4, O1, O2. The EEG signals are highly complex and dynamic in nature. Fractal dimension (FD) is emerging as a novel feature for computing its complexity. We will use the Higuchi's algorithm.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
Spectral Entropy (SE) of EEG signal
The EEG portrays the functioning of the brain. the recording of those signals will be done at a sampling rate of 125 Hz by OpenBCI. SE can be used for computing EEG complexity. To do that, the power spectral density (PSD) must be obtained as a first step . After normalizing the PSD by the number of bins, which can be viewed as a probability density function conversion, the classical Shannon's entropy for information systems is then calculated.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
EEG coherence
The interactions between neural systems, operating in each frequency band, are estimated by means of the EEG coherence. While neural synchronization influences EEG amplitude, the coherence between signals captured by one pair of electrodes refers to the consistence and stability of the signal amplitude and its phase. Two brain areas connected should show a signal delay in time domain that is measured as a phase shift in the frequency domain.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
Activity of the regions in the brain
We will use Loreta. Loreta is a specific solution to the inverse problem, using algorithms that localize the cortical generators of the observed neuronal firing.
Time frame: Fifteen minutes.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
The ICF is a "universal framework for the definition, measurement and policy formulations for health and disability", developed by the WHO and used in health-related sectors.This scale is used to measure several domains in adults: functional ability, cognitive and communication capacities and the quality of life related to health. It is graduated from 0 (no) to 4 (complete).
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 weeks.
Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)
The GMFCS is a five-level scale focused on truncal control and walking. The discrimination at each level of motor function is based on functional limitation and the use (or not) of assistive devices such as walkers, wheelchairs, etc. The scale goes from I: the ability to ambulate to V: dependent on AT for all mobility.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 weeks.
Manual Ability Classification System (MACS)
The MACS scale assesses how children use both hands in situations of their daily life and whether they are independent or need some support. The opinion of people who know them and the age of the children are taken into account for this scale. The scale goes from I: Handles objects easily and successfully; V: Does not manipulate objects. Limited ability to perform simple actions.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 weeks.
Communication Function Classification System (CFCS)
This scale is used to measure communication ability in children. The CFCS scale is a classification system for functional communication divided into five levels to identify performance in everyday communication. The scale goes from I: Efficient sender and receiver with known and unknown interlocutors; V: Sender and receiver rarely effective even with known interlocutors.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 weeks.
KIDSCREEN Questionnaire
The KIDSCREEN instruments assess children's and adolescents' subjective health and well-being. They were developed as self-report measures applicable for healthy and chronically ill children and adolescents aged from 8 to 18 years.
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Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 weeks.
SCALE FOR MOOD ASSESSMENT (EVEA)
The EVEA was developed as an instrument "to measure transitory moods in studies using mood induction procedures", but it can be used whenever there is a need to measure transitory moods at any one time. The EVEA is composed of 16 items. Each item has an 11-point Likert scale (from 0 to 10), flanked by the words "not at all" (0) and "very much" (10), that presents, in its left margin, a short statement describing a mood. All 16 statements have the same structure; all of them begin with the expression "I feel" and end with an adjective describing a mood (e.g., "I feel sad", "I feel happy"). The EVEA tries to assess four moods; anxiety, anger-hostility, sadness-depression, and happiness. Each mood is measured by four items with different adjectives, and these four items define a subscale. All items of a given subscale are worded in the same direction.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 weeks.