The goal of this single-blind, cross-over clinical trial is to compare the immediate effect of intermittent vs. continuous walking on clinical and mechanistic pain profiles in persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA). In this cross-over trial, participants will perform two types of walking on a treadmill. Intermittent walking will involve 3 blocks of 10 minutes with 2 blocks of 5-minute rest (sitting on a chair) in-between. Continuous walking will involve resting for 10 minutes (sitting in a chair) before walking on the treadmill for 1 continuous block of 30 minutes.
The study objectives are to compare the immediate effect of intermittent vs. continuous walking on clinical and mechanistic pain profiles in persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The investigators hypothesize that continuous walking will result in greater increases in clinical pain and mechanistic pain sensitivity than intermittent walking. Physical activity (PA) has been recommended as the first-line management strategy for people with chronic knee pain. Walking is an accessible, low-cost, joint-friendly form of PA and is widely advocated for older adults with knee complaints. However, movement-evoked pain is a commonly cited barrier for PA engagement. On one hand, a bout of PA may produce short-term analgesia and reduce pain. On the other hand, excessive or prolonged PA may exacerbate symptoms and lead to avoidance/fear of subsequent PA. Besides the total PA volume, how it is accumulated could also impact joint health. It is biomechanically plausible that shorter and frequent activities are more beneficial to articular tissues than longer and infrequent activities. Compared to intermittent loading, prolonged continuous loading had a detrimental effect on the biomechanical functions of articular cartilage in a bovine model. Findings of this study will provide insight on the relations between patterns of PA and pain profiles.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
23
Wearing comfortable clothes and their usual walking shoes, participants will walk on a treadmill to accrue 30 minutes of walking. Participants will be instructed not to use the treadmill side rails for balance or support during walking. Participants will walk on the treadmill for 3 blocks of 10 minutes with 2 blocks of 5-minute rest (sitting on a chair) in-between. A safety button to stop the treadmill will be available to the participants, so they can stop walking anytime. If participants feel that they are about to lose balance, they are allowed to hold on to the side rails to regain balance and terminate the trial.
Wearing comfortable clothes and their usual walking shoes, participants will walk on a treadmill to accrue 30 minutes of walking. Participants will be instructed not to use the treadmill side rails for balance or support during walking. Participants will rest for 10 minutes (sitting in a chair) before walking on the treadmill for 1 continuous block of 30 minutes. A safety button to stop the treadmill will be available to the participants, so they can stop walking anytime. If participants feel that they are about to lose balance, they are allowed to hold on to the side rails to regain balance and terminate the trial.
Aalborg University
Aalborg, Denmark
Change from pre-walking to immediately post-walking in Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for current knee pain
The primary outcome is the self-reported clinical pain. The pre- and post-walking knee pain will be rated right before the commencement of the walking program and at the termination of the walking program respectively. Participants verbally select a value that corresponds with the intensity of pain that they experience. "0" means "no pain" and "10" means "pain as bad as you can imagine" or "worst pain imaginable". The NPRS, an 11-point (i.e., 0-10) measure of pain intensity, is recommended as a core outcome measure in clinical trials of chronic pain treatments and has excellent reliability and validity for adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. On average, a change of 2 points or a change of approximately 30% in NPRS represented a clinically important difference in adults with chronic pain.
Time frame: pre-walking, immediately post-walking
Change from pre-walking to immediately post-walking in Cuff Pain Detection Threshold (cPDT)
A computer-controlled cuff algometer will measure cPDT. Participants will be fitted with 13-cm-wide silicone tourniquet cuffs (VBM, Düsseldorf, Germany) on bilateral lower limbs. The cuff inflation will be controlled by a cuff algometry system (Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark). The cuff will be inflated at a rate of 1kPa/s to a maximum of 100 kPa. Using a hand-held electronic device with a release button for deflating the cuff, participants will be instructed to rate the pressure pain continuously on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS), until the pain becomes intolerable, at which point they will press the release button to terminate the test. The cPDT will be the cuff pressure reading at the time of VAS rating of 1cm. The cuff-system is user independent and has been shown to be reliable for the outcomes assessed.
Time frame: pre-walking, immediately post-walking
Change from pre-walking to immediately post-walking in Cuff Pain Tolerance Threshold (cPTT)
A computer-controlled cuff algometer will measure cPDT. Participants will be fitted with 13-cm-wide silicone tourniquet cuffs (VBM, Düsseldorf, Germany) on bilateral lower limbs. The cuff inflation will be controlled by a cuff algometry system (Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark). The cuff will be inflated at a rate of 1kPa/s to a maximum of 100 kPa. Using a hand-held electronic device with a release button for deflating the cuff, participants will be instructed to rate the pressure pain continuously on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS), until the pain becomes intolerable, at which point they will press the release button to terminate the test. The cPTT will be the cuff pressure reading at the time of test termination (i.e., when the pain becomes intolerable). If the tolerance threshold is not achieved before the 100 kPa limit, cPTT will be 100 kPa. The cuff-system is user independent and has been shown to be reliable for the outcomes assessed.
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Time frame: pre-walking, immediately post-walking
Change from pre-walking to immediately post-walking in Temporal Summation of Pain (TSP)
Using the same cuff algometry system, the TSP will be assessed by delivering 10 rapid cuff pressure stimuli at a pressure magnitude of the cPTT lasting for one second. Each stimulus will be followed by 1-second break before the next stimulus. Participants will be instructed to rate the pain intensity on the electronic VAS for each stimulus without returning the VAS to zero between inflations. The VAS score will be recorded for each stimulus. This procedure has been shown to be reliable with Intraclass Correlation Coefficients of 0.70-0.77.
Time frame: pre-walking, immediately post-walking
Change from pre-walking to immediately post-walking in Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM)
The CPM will be assessed by re-measuring the cPDT of the index limb during a simultaneously painful conditioning stimulus on the non-index limb. An increase in cPDT from baseline would indicate a CPM response.
Time frame: pre-walking, immediately post-walking