Effects of Acute Pain vs Context Change on Motor Learning Retention in Young Adults

Abbreviations: HR= heart rate, bpm= beats per minute; BP= blood pressure; ADD= attention deficit disorder; ADHD= attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; MoCA= Montreal Cognitive Assessment; GAD-7= Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Scale; PHQ-2, PHQ-9= Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and -9. Inclusion Criteria: * 18-35 years old * Self-identifying as generally medically healthy * Able to read, write and speak English * Able to provide informed consent * Willing to undergo the experimental pain or non-painful electrical stimulation, if selected Exclusion Criteria: * Resting HR \< 50 or \> 100 bpm * Resting BP \< 90/60 or \> 140/95 mmHg * Any history or current mental health condition, learning/developmental disability or cognitive impairment, including ADD/ADHD, severe anxiety, severe depression, autism spectrum disorder, insomnia, mild cognitive impairment, etc. * Score on the MoCA \<23 * Score on the GAD-7 ≥ 10 * Score on the PHQ-2 ≥ 2 and score on the PHQ-9 ≥ 10 * Any current (within last 3 month) or chronic medical conditions, including any musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, endocrine, pulmonary, metabolic, psychiatric or neurological diagnosis * Any implanted electronic medical devices (i.e., cardiac pacemakers, cardiac defibrillators, spinal cord neurostimulators) * Any impaired sensation or weakness in either lower extremity or in the area targeted for the stimulus * History of serious concussion or head injury, defined as a loss of consciousness for \> 5 minutes and/or requiring medical treatment, or \> 2 concussions over the lifespan * Any history of acute or chronic problems with balance, any dizziness, or \> 1 fall in the last 12 months * Taking 4 or more medications * Currently or regularly using any analgesic medications, over-the-counter remedies, or any other treatment for the purposes of pain relief (i.e., baby aspirin for heart health permitted, etc.) * Any current or chronic pain condition during the last year, located anywhere in the body * Allergy to capsaicin or hot peppers * Any skin lesion, breakage or irritation in the area targeted for the painful stimulus * Skin sensitivity to soaps/creams/perfumes or to heat * Poor circulation in the area targeted for the painful stimulus * Prior participation in a locomotor learning study in this lab within the last 2 years