Nordic walking in water would more advantage than normal daily life in cerebrovascular function and cognitive function in elderly with type 2 diabetes.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
36
Nordic walking in water will be based on nordic walking in water at temperature 34◦C. Nordic walking in water will be conducted at moderate intensity (40-60% heart rate reserve). The program was exercised 60 minutes include warm-up and cool down. At first 6 weeks, The exercise intensity was 40-50% heart rate reserve and it will be increased 50-60% heart rate reserve. The training program will be performed 3 times per week for 12 weeks.
This group wasn't receive intervention program. The participants in this group will do following a physician who treat them. They can exercise according to the physician recommend.
Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University
Pathum Wan, Bangkok, Thailand
RECRUITINGGeneral physiological data
1.Blood pressure in mmHg will be measured with automated blood pressure device (CARESCAPE V100, GE Dinamap).
Time frame: Change from baseline systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure at 12 weeks.
Heart rate
Heart rate in beats per minute will be measured with automated blood pressure device (CARESCAPE V100, GE Dinamap).
Time frame: Change from baseline heart rate at 12 weeks.
ฺBody fat
Body fat in percent will be measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (Prodigy-Pro, GE healthcare).
Time frame: Change from baseline body fat at 12 weeks.
Muscle mass and Weight
Muscle mass and weight in kilograms will be measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (Prodigy-Pro, GE healthcare).
Time frame: Change from baseline muscle mass and weight at 12 weeks.
Arterial stiffness
Arterial stiffness will be measured with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in centimeter per second (VP-1000 plus, omrom Healthcare).
Time frame: Change from baseline brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity at 12 weeks.
Macro vascular function
Macro vascular function will be measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation in percent with ultrasonography equipment (EPIQ 5G, Phillips).
Time frame: Change from baseline brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation at 12 weeks.
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow in centimeter per second will be measured with ultrasonography equipment (EPIQ 5G, Phillips).
Time frame: Change from baseline cerebral blood flow at 12 weeks.
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Cerebrovascular conductance index
Cerebrovascular conductance index in cm/sec/mmHg will be measured with ultrasonography equipment (EPIQ 5G, Phillips).
Time frame: Change from baseline cerebrovascular conductance index at 12 weeks.
Cerebrovascular reactivity index
Cerebrovascular reactivity index in %cm/sec/mmHg will be measured with ultrasonography equipment (EPIQ 5G, Phillips).
Time frame: Change from baseline cerebrovascular reactivity index at 12 weeks.
Arterial compliance
Arterial compliance in units will be measure by carotid diameter during systolic and diastolic with ultrasonography equipment (EPIQ 5G, Phillips) and systemic blood pressure with (VP-1000 plus, omrom Healthcare).
Time frame: Change from baseline Arterial compliance at 12 weeks.
Pulsatility index
Pulsatility index in units will be measure with ultrasonography equipment (EPIQ 5G, Phillips).
Time frame: Change from baseline Pulsatility index at 12 weeks.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Montreal Cognitive Assessment in score (0 - 30 scores) cut off below 25 scores that indicate impairment cognitive function.
Time frame: Change from baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment at 12 weeks.
Mini-Mental State Examination
Mini-Mental State Examination in scores (0 - 30 scores) cut off below 25 scores that indicate impairment cognitive function.
Time frame: Change from baseline Mini-Mental State Examination at 12 weeks.
Trail Making Test-B and Stroop test
Trail Making Test-B in second cut off below 101 seconds that indicate dementia. Stroop test in second will be measured with EncephalApp Stroop test.
Time frame: Change from baseline Trail Making Test-B and Stroop test at 12 weeks.
Waist circumference
Waist circumference in centimeters will be measure by waist tape
Time frame: Change from baseline waist circumference at 12 weeks
Flexibility testing
Flexibility testing will be measure by Chair sit \& reach protocol and Back scratch in centimeters.
Time frame: Change from baseline Chair sit & reach and Back scratch at 12 weeks.
Muscle strength testing
Muscle strength testing will be measured by arm-curl test and chair stand test in repetitions in 30 seconds.
Time frame: Change from baseline arm-curl and chair stand at 12 weeks.
Balance testing
Balance testing will be measured by time up and go testing in seconds.
Time frame: Change from baseline time up and go at 12 weeks.
Cardiopulmonary fitness
Cardiopulmonary fitness will be measure by 2-minutes step test in repetitions.
Time frame: Change from baseline 2-minutes step at 12 weeks.
Cardiopulmonary fitness
Cardiopulmonary fitness will be measure by 6-minutes walk test in meters.
Time frame: Change from baseline 6-minutes walk at 12 weeks.
Fasting blood sugar
Fasting blood sugar in mg/dl will be measure with enzymatic assay using hexokinase reaction.
Time frame: Change from baseline fasting blood sugar at 12 weeks.
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin in percent will be measure with enzymatic assay using hexokinase reaction.
Time frame: Change from baseline Glycosylated hemoglobin at 12 weeks.
Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance
Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance in units will be calculated with Fasting blood sugar and insulin.
Time frame: Change from baseline Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance at 12 weeks.
Lipid profile
Lipid profile will be measure by cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein in mg/dl.
Time frame: Change from baseline cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein at 12 weeks.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha, adiponectin, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, brain derived neurotrophic factor, and malondialdehyde
Tumor necrosis factor alpha, adiponectin, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, brain derived neurotrophic factor, and malondialdehyde in pg/ml will be measure with ELISA assay kit.
Time frame: Change from baseline tumor necrosis factor alpha, adiponectin, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, brain derived neurotrophic factor, and malondialdehyde at 12 weeks.
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide in µM will measured with standard Griess reagents.
Time frame: Change from baseline Nitric oxide at 12 weeks.