Comparing Fetoscopic Surgery Protocols

Inclusion Criteria: Pregnant patients undergoing one of the following procedures * Laser photocoagulation of abnormal anastomotic vessels in patients with a twin-twin transfusion syndrome * Selective radiofrequency ablation or fetoscopic cord coagulation in patients with TRAP sequence or in the presence of intrauterine death of one twin * Vesicoamniotic shunts or placement of amnioports in patients with LUTO * Placement of amnioports in patients with oligohydramnios or anhydramnios * Fetal thoracentesis or placement of thoracoamniotic shunts in patients with congenital pulmonary airway malformation or fetal hydrothorax * FETO (fetoscopic endotracheal occlusion) as well as balloon removal in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and laser release of amniotic bands Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant patients undergoing fetoscopic procedures requiring the following * Additional procedures (e.g. cerclage) * Laparotomy with uterine exteriorization to access the uterine cavity * General anesthesia * Mid-gestation neural tube defect repair * EXIT procedures * Preoperative opioid use * Diagnosed substance abuse * Moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea * History of allergic reactions to medications to be administered during the study