The aim of this cluster RCT is to investigate the clinical effectiveness of a Stratified Blended Approach for patients with neck and/or shoulder complaints on pain and disability over 9 months, compared to usual physiotherapy care. Our secondary aims are twofold: * to investigate the effectiveness of the Stratified Blended Approach for patients with neck and/or shoulder complaints on pain intensity, health-related quality of life, illness perceptions, self-management skills, physical activity, exercise adherence, self-perceived effect and satisfaction at 3 and 9 months, compared to usual physiotherapy care; * to investigate the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the Stratified Blended Approach for patients with neck and/or shoulder complaints, compared to usual physiotherapy care. In the Stratified Blended Approach arm, physiotherapists will match I) the content and intensity of physiotherapy care to the patient's risk of persistent disabling pain, categorized as low, medium or high (using the Keele STarT MSK Tool) and II) the mode of care delivery to the patient's suitability and willingness to receive blended care. The control arm will receive physiotherapy as usual. This study is financially supported by the Scientific College Physiotherapy (WCF), part of the Royal Dutch Association for Physiotherapy (KNGF). WCF has no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscripts. External peer-review took place during the funding process. The results will be publicly disclosed unreservedly.
Intervention: According to the Stratified Blended approach, patients will be matched to an appropriate treatment based on their risk of persistent disabling pain (assessed with the Keele STarT MSK Tool - either low, medium or high risk) and their suitability for blended care (assessed with the Dutch Blended Physiotherapy Checklist - either suitable or unsuitable for blended care). Based on patients risk profile, the physiotherapy treatment will be targeted to patients' individual needs. If considered suitable for blended care, the patient will receive a digital and face-to-face blend of physiotherapy treatment (e-Exercise) in which an app with personalized information, exercises and physical activity modules is integrated with face-to-face physiotherapy care. If patients are considered unsuitable for blended care, they will receive an information workbook with similar content as the app will be integrated with face-to-face physiotherapy. The app and the information workbook aims to support adherence to physical activity and exercise recommendations. Content of care was based on the Dutch KNGF Clinical Practice Guidelines for Physiotherapy Neck pain, Complaints of Arm, Neck and Shoulder (CANS) and Subacromial complaints. Control group: Usual physiotherapy. Content of care was based on the Dutch KNGF Clinical Practice Guidelines for Physiotherapy Neck pain, Complaints of Arm, Neck and Shoulder (CANS) and Subacromial complaints.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
139
Physiotherapy
HU University of applied sciences Utrecht
Utrecht, Netherlands
Neck pain and disability score (NPAD; for patients with neck pain)
The primary outcome is the combined region-specific pain and disability score over 9 months follow-up, assessed by the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) for patients with primarily neck complaints and by the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for patients with primarily shoulder complaints. A higher total score (0-100 for both outcome measures) indicates increased pain and functional limitations.
Time frame: 9 months
Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI; for patients with shoulder pain)
The primary outcome is the combined region-specific pain and disability score over 9 months follow-up, assessed by the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) for patients with primarily neck complaints and by the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for patients with primarily shoulder complaints. A higher total score (0-100 for both outcome measures) indicates increased pain and functional limitations.
Time frame: 9 months
Neck and/or shoulder pain intensity
The average neck and/or shoulder pain intensity in the last week will be measured with an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) (0 = no pain; 10 = worst pain imaginable)
Time frame: 3 months
Neck and/or shoulder pain intensity
The average neck and/or shoulder pain intensity in the last week will be measured with an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) (0 = no pain; 10 = worst pain imaginable)
Time frame: 9 months
Health-related quality of life
Health-related quality of life will be measured with the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The questionnaire consists of eight subscales (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, role limitations due to emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain (over the last 4 weeks) and general health). Scores for each subscale will be calculated (0-100). Higher scores indicate a better health-related quality of life.
Time frame: 3 months
Health-related quality of life
Health-related quality of life will be measured with the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The questionnaire consists of eight subscales (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, role limitations due to emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain (over the last 4 weeks) and general health). Scores for each subscale will be calculated (0-100). Higher scores indicate a better health-related quality of life.
Time frame: 9 months
Illness perceptions
Illness perceptions will be measured with the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-K). This questionnaire is an eight-item scale designed to assess cognitive and emotional representations of illness on an ordinal scale (0-10)
Time frame: 3 months
Illness perceptions
Illness perceptions will be measured with the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-K). This questionnaire is an eight-item scale designed to assess cognitive and emotional representations of illness on an ordinal scale (0-10)
Time frame: 9 months
Patients' self-management skills
Patients' self-management skills are assessed with the Dutch version of the short form Patient Activation Measure (PAM13-Dutch). The PAM 13-Dutch is a reliable 13-item instrument and assesses patient (or consumer) self-reported knowledge, skills and confidence for self-management of one's health or chronic condition. The answering categories per item are 4-point Likert scales, ranging from totally disagree to totally agree and 'non applicable'. A higher score (range 1-100) indicates a higher level of self-management.
Time frame: 3 months
Patients' self-management skills
Patients' self-management skills are assessed with the Dutch version of the short form Patient Activation Measure (PAM13-Dutch). The PAM 13-Dutch is a reliable 13-item instrument and assesses patient (or consumer) self-reported knowledge, skills and confidence for self-management of one's health or chronic condition. The answering categories per item are 4-point Likert scales, ranging from totally disagree to totally agree and 'non applicable'. A higher score (range 1-100) indicates a higher level of self-management.
Time frame: 9 months
Physical activity
Physical activity will be objectively measured with an Actigraph accelerometer. The Actigraph accelerometer is a reliable tool for measuring physical activity in adults. Participants will be instructed to wear the accelerometer on their waist for five consecutive days, except when sleeping, showering, bathing or swimming. Average amount of moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day will be calculated.
Time frame: 3 months
Physical activity
Physical activity will be objectively measured with an Actigraph accelerometer. The Actigraph accelerometer is a reliable tool for measuring physical activity in adults. Participants will be instructed to wear the accelerometer on their waist for five consecutive days, except when sleeping, showering, bathing or swimming. Average amount of moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day will be calculated.
Time frame: 9 months
Exercise adherence
Exercise adherence will be measured with the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS). The EARS is a 6 item self-reported questionnaire with items scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = completely agree; 4 = completely disagree). A higher score (0-24) indicates better adherence to prescribed home-exercises.
Time frame: 3 months
Exercise adherence
Exercise adherence will be measured with the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS). The EARS is a 6 item self-reported questionnaire with items scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = completely agree; 4 = completely disagree). A higher score (0-24) indicates better adherence to prescribed home-exercises.
Time frame: 9 months
Global perceived effect
Global perceived effect will be measured with the 7-point Likert global perceived effect score (GPE). Categories 1 (very much improved) to 3 (a little improved) are classified as 'improved'. Categories 4 (no change) to 7 (very much worse) are classified as 'not improved'.
Time frame: 3 months
Global perceived effect
Global perceived effect will be measured with the 7-point Likert global perceived effect score (GPE). Categories 1 (very much improved) to 3 (a little improved) are classified as 'improved'. Categories 4 (no change) to 7 (very much worse) are classified as 'not improved'.
Time frame: 9 months
Satisfaction with treatment
Satisfaction with treatment outcome will be measured with an 8-point Likert scale question: 'All things considered, how satisfied are you with the results of the treatment for your neck and/or shoulder complaints? (1 = extremely satisfied, 7 = extremely dissatisfied, 8 = not sure/no opinion)
Time frame: 3 months
Neck pain and disability score (NPAD; for patients with neck pain)
This outcome will be combined to a region-specific pain and disability score over 3 months follow-up, assessed by the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) for patients with primarily neck complaints and by the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for patients with primarily shoulder complaints. A higher total score (0-100 for both outcome measures) indicates increased pain and functional limitations.
Time frame: 3 months
Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI; for patients with shoulder pain)
This outcome will be combined to a region-specific pain and disability score over 3 months follow-up, assessed by the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) for patients with primarily neck complaints and by the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for patients with primarily shoulder complaints. A higher total score (0-100 for both outcome measures) indicates increased pain and functional limitations.
Time frame: 3 months
Cost-effectiveness (assessed with a cost questionnaire)
A cost-utility analysis (CUA) will be performed for QALYs and a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) for the combined region-specific pain and disability score, both of which will be performed from the societal and the healthcare perspective. From the societal perspective all costs will be taken into account, irrespective of who pays or benefits, whereas solely those borne by the healthcare sector will be included if the healthcare perspective is applied.
Time frame: 9 months
Cost-utility (assessed with a cost questionnaire)
A cost-utility analysis (CUA) will be performed for QALYs and a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) for the combined region-specific pain and disability score, both of which will be performed from the societal and the healthcare perspective. From the societal perspective all costs will be taken into account, irrespective of who pays or benefits, whereas solely those borne by the healthcare sector will be included if the healthcare perspective is applied.
Time frame: 9 months
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