The goal of this clinical trial is to learn about how unconditional cash payments equivalent to $1,000 for 24 months (also called 'guaranteed income') might help families experiencing homelessness and/or unstable housing in Santa Clara County, California. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. What is the impact of guaranteed income on homelessness and housing stability among families experiencing homelessness or housing instability? 2. What is the impact of guaranteed income on the health and well-being of families experiencing homelessness or housing instability? 3. In terms of size and frequency of cash payments, do families prefer monthly recurrent payments ($1,000/month) vs a larger up front amount followed by smaller monthly payments ($6,500/month, then $500/month)? Is one payment strategy more helpful than the other in terms of achieving improved housing stability, health, or other measures of well-being?
Study design and overall objective: This is a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effectiveness of guaranteed income on improving housing stability, health, economic and overall well-being among 300 families experiencing homelessness in Santa Clara County. The specific aims are: Aim 1. Assess the effect of guaranteed income on housing stability and homelessness. The investigators will randomly select 150 households experiencing homelessness to receive guaranteed income equivalent to $1000 per month for 24 months in addition to usual care, with the remaining 150 households receiving usual care only (control group). The investigators will assess and compare measures of housing stability, housing services use and emergency shelter use at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 27, 30, and 36 months after randomization. Hypothesis: Guaranteed income will improve housing stability and reduce the risk of continuing homelessness. Aim 2. Assess the effect of guaranteed income on the health and well-being of families experiencing homelessness and their social networks. The investigators will assess and compare self-reported physical and mental health and well-being, health and social service use, employment and income volatility, financial assets and spending, food insecurity, agency, and network strain and support at baseline and then at 6, 12, 18, 24, 27, 30, and 36 months after randomization. The investigators will use a mixed methods approach, employing both validated survey instruments and qualitative interviews to assess measures of interest. Hypothesis: Families receiving guaranteed income will have improved health and well-being, and multiplier effects will accrue to their social networks. Aim 3. Assess the effect of monthly vs a hybrid payment strategy (larger up-front lump sum plus a smaller monthly sum) on housing stability, health, and well-being. Individuals in the guaranteed income group (intervention group) will self-select whether they prefer to receive payments in a a) monthly ($1,000/month x 12 months) vs b) hybrid payment schedule ($6,500 x 1 month, then $500 x 11 month), with the option to change payment schedules after the first 12 months. Hypothesis: Individuals receiving a hybrid model of payments will obtain and sustain positive changes in stable housing and well-being more successfully over time compared to monthly payments.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
300
Guaranteed income payments will be disbursed monthly for a total of 24 months to participants who are randomized to the guaranteed income intervention group. Participants will be given the choice to select from one of two different payment strategies (equal monthly payments of $1,000/month vs hybrid payment schedule with initial amount of $6,500 the first month followed by $500/month x 11 months); payment strategy preferences will be re-assessed after 12 months. The choice of payment strategy will be strictly left to participants to specify.
All participants (both the control and intervention groups) will be offered the option of attending a Public Benefits Information Session during which they will receive a comprehensive resource directory of public benefit, assistance, and social service programs available to residents of Santa Clara County, have the opportunity to ask questions about enrolling in those programs, and also have the opportunity to seek additional benefits navigation assistance from our community partner, Sacred Heart Community Service. This session is intended to be optional, with the decision to attend and participant to be left to the discretion of each study participant. Attendance is not required for study participation.
¡Sí Se Puede! Collective
San Jose, California, United States
Santa Clara County Office of Supportive Housing
San Jose, California, United States
Number of days experiencing homelessness
'Experiencing homelessness' will be defined as: 1) per the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act (HEARTH) Defining Homeless Final Rule published in the Federal Register in 2011; and/or 2) living in a public or private space intended for temporary (≤6 month) residence, such as residing in a hotel/motel; 3) residing in a space without a legal right to the space and therefore being at threat of being asked to leave at any time (i.e., no lease); and/or 4) being in a shared living situation intended to be temporary (i.e., being 'doubled up' due to lack of available and/or affordable housing).
Time frame: At 24 months after randomization
Number of days experiencing homelessness
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 6 months after randomization
Number of days experiencing homelessness
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 12 months after randomization
Number of days experiencing homelessness
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 18 months after randomization
Number of days experiencing homelessness
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 27 months after randomization
Number of days experiencing homelessness
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 30 months after randomization
Number of days experiencing homelessness
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 36 months after randomization
Time to stable housing from randomization
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: Up to 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 6 months after randomization
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 12 months after randomization
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 18 months after randomization
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families who retain stable housing after the end of the 24-month intervention period
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 27 months after randomization
Proportion of families who retain stable housing after the end of the 24-month intervention period
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 30 months after randomization
Proportion of families who retain stable housing after the end of the 24-month intervention period
'Stable housing' will be defined as any form of housing that does not meet the definition of 'experiencing homelessness' as above
Time frame: At 36 months after randomization
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: At baseline
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: At 6 months after randomization
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: At 12 months after randomization
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: At 18 months after randomization
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: At 24 months after randomization
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: At 30 months after randomization
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: At 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Number of days spent living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily in an institution
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: Baseline
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Number of days spent residing in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: Baseline
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Proportion of families who are unleased
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of proportion of families who are unleased
Will assess change in proportion of families who are unleased over time (i.e, residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in proportion of families who are unleased at baseline vs 24 months
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in proportion of families who are unleased at baseline vs 36 months
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in proportion of families who are unleased at 24 vs 36 months
Residing in a space without any legal right to the space (i.e., residing in a space without a lease)
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: Baseline
Days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of days doubled up in previous 6 months
Number of days spent in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing)
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Total proportion of families experiencing any homelessness
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Baseline
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of of families experiencing homelessness for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Total proportion of families ever experiencing unsheltered homelessness
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: At 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Baseline
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a homeless shelter, in a place not typically used for sleeping, such as on the street, in a car, in an abandoned building, or in a bus or train station, or temporarily, in an institution for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Total proportion of families ever residing in a hotel or motel
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: At 24 months after randomization; and changes between baseline and 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after randomization; and changes between 24 and 36 months after randomization
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Baseline
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months
Proportion of families living in a hotel or motel as a form of temporary housing for ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Baseline
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months
Proportion of families in a shared living situation intended to be temporary ('doubled up' with a friend or relative due to being unable to find or afford own housing) ≥1 night during study period
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Total proportion of families returning to a homeless shelter
Proportion of families with any return to a homeless shelter at any time between randomization and the end of the 24-month study period. Assessed only in the subgroup of families who reported living in a shelter at baseline.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Total proportion of families returning to a homeless shelter
Proportion of families with any return to a homeless shelter at any time between 24 months and 36 months after randomization. Assessed only in the subgroup of families who reported living in a shelter at baseline.Assessed only in the subgroup of families who reported living in a shelter at baseline.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter
Proportion of families who report any stay in a homeless shelter at baseline
Time frame: Baseline
Total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter
Proportion of families who report any stay in a homeless shelter after randomization and before the end of the 24-month intervention period
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter
Proportion of families who report any stay in a homeless shelter at the end of the 36-month data collection period
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Change in total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter from baseline to 24 months
Proportion of families who report any stay in a homeless shelter at baseline vs 24 months
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months
Change in total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter from baseline to 36 months
Proportion of families who report any stay in a homeless shelter at baseline vs 36 months
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months
Change in total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter from 24 to 36 months
Proportion of families who report any stay in a homeless shelter at 24 vs 36 months
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: Baseline
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses at baseline vs 24 months (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses at baseline vs 36 months (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses at 24 vs 36 months (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)
Housing affordability
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: Baseline
Number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of number of moves in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months
Housing stability
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Monthly household expenditures
Proportion/amount of monthly expenses on key household expenditure categories, assessed through selected questions adapted from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditures Survey
Time frame: Baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: Baseline
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of physical well-being
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in physical well-being at baseline vs 24 months
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in physical well-being at baseline vs 36 months
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in physical well-being at 24 vs 36 months
Measured through the Short-Form 12 v2 (SF12v2). The SF12v2 data calculate two summary component scores, Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Component Summary Score (MCS) with eight sub-domains. Scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: Baseline
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of psychological well-being
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in psychological well-being at baseline vs 24 months
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in psychological well-being at baseline vs 36 months
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in psychological well-being at 24 vs 36 months
Measured through the Kessler 6 (K6) scale. Each of the six items of the K6 is scored using a 5-level response scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time, 4 = all of the time). The six items are summed to yield a total score with a range between zero and 24 with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: Baseline
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of overcrowding
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in overcrowding at baseline vs 24 months
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in overcrowding at baseline vs 36 months
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in overcrowding at 24 vs 36 months
People per room excluding bathrooms and kitchens. A higher number of people per room is associated with increased overcrowding.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: Baseline
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of housing quality
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in housing quality from baseline to 24 months
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: Will include measurements from baseline and 24 months
Change in housing quality from baseline to 36 months
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: Will include measurements from baseline and 36 months
Change in housing quality from 24 to 36 months
Measured through proportion of households describing overall housing condition as 'excellent' or 'good'. Measured only in the subset of households who respond that they are currently living in a house, apartment/condo, garage, or basement.
Time frame: Will include measurements from 24 and 36 months
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Baseline
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of housing quality: infrastructure and appliances
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in housing quality: infrastructure and appliances from baseline to 24 months
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Will include measurements from baseline and at 24 months
Change in housing quality: infrastructure and appliances from baseline to 36 months
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Will include measurements from baseline and at 36 months
Change in housing quality: infrastructure and appliances from 24 to 36 months
Composite score assessing presence of a working stove/cooktop, refrigerator, kitchen sink, hot and cold water, bathroom sink with running water, toilet, and bathtub/shower. Range of total items present is 0-7, with higher score suggesting higher housing quality in terms of infrastructure and appliances. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Will include measurements from 24 months and at 36 months
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Baseline
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of housing quality: safety issues
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in housing quality: safety issues from baseline to 24 months
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and at 24 months
Change in housing quality: safety issues from baseline to 36 months
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and at 36 months
Change in housing quality: safety issues from 24 to 36 months
Composite score assessing presence of exposed electrical wiring (or lack thereof), mildew/water damage, flooring problems, holes/cracks, bad odors, bathroom plumbing problems, nonfunctioning toilet, electrical outages, lack of heating, rodents, cockroaches. Range of potential safety problems present is 0-11, with higher score suggesting worse housing safety. Adapted from composite measures of material hardship from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: Baseline
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of financial well-being
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being from baseline to 24 months
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being from baseline to 36 months
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being from 24 to 36 months
Measured through the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Financial Well-Being survey. The ten items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with each answer scored 0-4. A raw score is calculated from the sum of the ten items (range 0-40); the raw score is converted to a financial well-being score with adjustments for age and mode of survey administration. The range of financial well-being scores in adults 18 and older is 16-91 with higher scores corresponding to higher financial well-being.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: Baseline
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of financial well-being (emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (emergency expenses) at baseline vs 24 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (emergency expenses) at baseline vs 36 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (emergency expenses) at 24 vs 36 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $400 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED).
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: Baseline
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (larger emergency expenses) at baseline vs 24 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (larger emergency expenses) at baseline vs 36 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (larger emergency expenses) at 24 vs 36 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they are 'somewhat' or 'very confident' they could handle a $2000 emergency expense in the next month. Adapted from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (or SHED) and Urban Institute Survey of Well-Being and Basic Needs. This question is asked only of the subset of households who respond they are 'somewhat' or 'very' confident they could handle a $400 expense in the next month.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: Baseline
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of financial well-being (monthly finances)
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (monthly finances) at baseline vs 24 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (monthly finances) at baseline vs 36 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in financial well-being (monthly finances) at 24 vs 36 months
Measured through proportion of families responding they have 'just enough money to make ends meet' or 'some money left over' at the end of each month, as an indicator of stable monthly finances. Adapted from the Family Options Study.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: Baseline
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Material hardship
Composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of material hardship
Change over time in composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in material hardship from baseline to 24 months
Change in composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in material hardship from baseline to 36 months
Change in composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in material hardship from 24 to 36 months
Change in composite score assessing the presence of: use of payday loan, overdrawn checking account, missed credit card payment, missed loan payment, contacted by a debt collection agency, late gas/electric bill payment, gas/electricity turned off due to non-payment, late phone bill payment, phone service turned off due to non-payment, difficulty paying medical bills, late rent/mortgage payment, and partial rent/mortgage payment. Range of material hardship domains is 0-11 with higher score associated with material hardship. Individual items are adapted from questions from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Urban Institute Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: Baseline
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of total debt to monthly income ratio
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in total debt to monthly income ratio at baseline vs 24 months
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in total debt to monthly income ratio at baseline vs 36 months
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in total debt to monthly income ratio at 24 vs 36 months
Sum of total debt (composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage) divided by reported average monthly income. A higher ratio indicates a higher burden of debt relative to monthly income.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: Baseline
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: 6 months
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: 12 months
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: 18 months
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: 24 months
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: 27 months
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: 30 months
Total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: 36 months
Time series analysis of total debt
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in total debt at baseline vs 24 months
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in total debt at baseline vs 36 months
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in total debt at 24 vs 36 months
Total self-reported debt (dollar amount, composite of balance of loans/credit card debt, balance for overdue bills, and balance for overdue rent/mortgage). A higher amount indicates a higher burden of debt.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: Baseline
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of household food security
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in household food security from baseline to 24 months
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in household food security from baseline to 36 months
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in household food security from 24 to 36 months
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Responses to each of the six items are coded as 'affirmative' or 'negative', with each affirmative response assigned a score of 1. Scores are summed across the six items to yield a total score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating lower household food security.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: Baseline
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in self-efficacy at baseline vs 24 months
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in self-efficacy at baseline vs 36 months
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in self-efficacy at 24 vs 36 months
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale; the total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items (range 6-24) with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: Baseline
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of resilience
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in resilience from baseline vs 24 months
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in resilience from baseline vs 36 months
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in resilience from 24 vs 36 months
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items divided by 6 (range 1-5). Higher scores indicate more resilience.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: Baseline
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of perceived stress
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in perceived stress at baseline vs 24 months
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in perceived stress at baseline vs 36 months
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in perceived stress at 24 vs 36 months
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 0-16), with higher scores correlating to more stress
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: Baseline
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) at baseline vs 24 months
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) at baseline vs 36 months
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) at 24 vs 36 months
Validated measure of household environment. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6-30) with higher scores corresponding to higher household chaos.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: Baseline
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: 6 months after randomization
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: 12 months after randomization
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: 18 months after randomization
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: 24 months after randomization
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: 27 months after randomization
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: 30 months after randomization
Agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: 36 months after randomization
Time series analysis of agency
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization
Change in agency at baseline vs 24 months
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization
Change in agency at baseline vs 36 months
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization
Change in agency at 24 vs 36 months
Adult State Hope Scale (modified from the Future Scale). Items are scored from 1-8. The total hope score is calculated from the sum of all items (range 6 to 48) with higher scores representing higher hope levels. The agency sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 2, 4, 6 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of agency thinking. The pathways sub scale score is calculated from the sum of items 1, 3, and 5 (range 3 to 24) with higher scores indicating higher levels of pathways thinking.
Time frame: Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization
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