Tinnitus can be very distressing for some individuals who experience it. The most studied intervention that works well for tinnitus distress is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). There is enough evidence to claim that internet-delivered guided CBT for tinnitus is as effective as CBT delivered face-to-face. The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to test the effectiveness of an internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for tinnitus and an internet-delivered mindfulness-based tinnitus stress reduction intervention by comparing them one against each other and a waiting list control group in the adult population experiencing tinnitus. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Feasibility of delivering interventions for tinnitus distress over the internet. * Is any of the two interventions more effective in reducing tinnitus-related stress than the waiting list control? * Is the effectiveness of mindfulness intervention non-inferior to CBT intervention for tinnitus? * Is participant engagement and dropout different in mindfulness and CBT interventions? Participants will be randomly assigned to a CBT, Mindfulness, or control group and will be asked to engage with the materials prescribed to that group for eight weeks.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
67
This CBT is specifically adapted for individuals experiencing tinnitus
This is a mindfulness-based intervention specifically adapted for individuals experiencing tinnitus
Vilnius University
Vilnius, Lithuania, Lithuania
Change in score on Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI)
The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory is designed to measure the subject's sensations caused by tinnitus and to assess the impact of tinnitus on daily life. It is also suitable for measuring the change in the severity of a murmur before and after an intervention. The THI questionnaire consists of 25 questions. The subject completes the questionnaire by ticking the most appropriate answer. The researcher scores the questionnaire as follows: 'Yes' is scored with 4 points, 'No' is scored with 0 points and 'Sometimes' is scored with 2 points. The total score is obtained by summing the number of responses to all 25 questions, multiplied by the coefficients given in the table. The higher the scale estimates, the higher the score, the more significant the disability caused by the murmur and the more significantly it affects the life of the subject. The severity scale is as follows: 0-16 mild; 18-36 moderate; 38-56 moderate; 58-76 severe; 78-100 catastrophic.
Time frame: Pre-treatment, week 8, 3 and 12 months post-treatment
Change in score on Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Change from baseline in depression symptoms post-treatment (week 8), at three months, at 12 months and at 24 months post-treatment. Measure contains 9 questions that have to be responded to by choosing an answer from a 4-item Likert scale, where number 0 indicates 'Not at all' and 3 - 'Nearly every day'. Higher score indicates more severe symptoms.
Time frame: Pre-treatment, week 8, 3 and 12 months post-treatment
Change in score on Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Change from baseline in anxiety symptoms post-treatment (week 8), at three months, at 12 months and at 24 months post-treatment. Measure contains 7 questions that have to be responded to by choosing an answer from a 4-item Likert scale, where number 0 indicates 'Not at all' and 3 - 'Nearly every day'. Higher score indicates more severe symptoms.
Time frame: Pre-treatment, week 8, 3 and 12 months post-treatment
Change in score on Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (Bastien et al, 2001) measures insomnia symptomatology. The questionnaire consists of 7 questions with five optional ratings on a scale of 0 ('0' = not at all) to 4 ('4' = very much), with a time interval of 'within the last 2 weeks'. The scores for all 7 questions are aggregated and can be scored between 0 and 28 points. The number of points can be used to determine the severity of the insomnia: no insomnia (0 - 7); possible insomnia (8 - 14); moderate insomnia (15 - 21); severe insomnia (22 - 28).
Time frame: Pre-treatment, week 8, 3 and 12 months post-treatment
Change in score on Tinnitus and Hearing Survey (THS)
The Tinnitus and Hearing Survey (Henry et al., 2015) is designed to differentiate hearing problems from tinnitus and consists of 3 subscales. Subscale A contains items that describe common tinnitus problems unrelated to hearing problems. Items in subscale B describe normal hearing problems that would not be caused by tinnitus. Subscale C contains 2 items that identify sound tolerance problems (hyperacusis) that may interfere with participation in the programme. Answers on subscales A and B can range from 0 (not a problem) to 4 (very big problem). Hence, the total scores for these subscales can range from 0 to 16. The items in each subscale begin with the phrase "In the last week..." in order for respondents to rate their current experience of tinnitus, rather than their past history when their tinnitus was most severe.
Time frame: Pre-treatment and week 8.
Change in score on The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS])
The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS\]) (Brown \& Ryan, 2003) measures how often an individual experiences a state of mindful awareness. The scale consists of 15 statements. The statements cover cognitive, emotional, physiological, interpersonal, and general life domains. Each statement is rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = Almost always; 6 = Almost never). Higher scores indicate a tendency to experience a more frequent state of mindful awareness. For the overall score, the scores for all statements are added together, and an average score is calculated. Either the total score or the arithmetic mean of all the estimates is reported. There is no norm, but a higher sum of scores indicates a tendency to experience a more frequent state of attentive awareness.
Time frame: Pre-treatment, week 8, 3 and 12 months post-treatment
Change in score on Tinnitus Cognitions Questionnaire (TCQ)
Tinnitus Cognitions Questionnaire (Wilson \& Henry, 1998). It is designed to assess a person's cognitions related to tinnitus/recognise cognitive reactions related to tinnitus. The questionnaire consists of 26 questions: 13 questions related to negative thoughts and 13 questions related to positive thoughts. For each item, participants are asked to indicate how often the person had a particular thought when the tinnitus symptoms occurred. Each statement is scored on a 5-point scale from 0 to 4 (0 for 'never', 1 for 'rarely', 2 for 'occasionally', 3 for 'often' and 4 for 'very often'). Negative items are scored from 0-4 and positive items from 4-0. The total score for this scale can range from 0 to 104. A high score on the scale indicates a greater tendency to engage in negative cognitions in response to tinnitus than positive ones.
Time frame: Pre-treatment, week 8, 3 and 12 months post-treatment
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