The objective of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of group-based lifestyle medicine intervention and cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression (CBT-D) for Chinese adults with depressive symptoms. Prior to all study procedures, eligible participants will be required to complete an online informed consent (with telephone support). Around 40 eligible participants aged between 18 to 65 with depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 \[PHQ-9\] ≥ 10) will be randomly assigned to the Lifestyle Medicine group (LM group), or the CBT-D group in a ratio of 1:1. Participants in both groups will receive interventions either through lifestyle medicine intervention or CBT-D group therapy for 6 consecutive weeks. The outcomes of interest will include depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms, quality of life, functional impairment, and health-promoting behaviours at baseline (week 0), immediate (week 7) and 3-month post-intervention assessments (week 19). Treatment credibility and acceptability will be collected before and immediately after treatment.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
40
The lifestyle medicine intervention includes six weekly sessions (i.e., participants will receive the intervention once per week) that are related to the following topics: (a) lifestyle psychoeducation, (b) physical activity, (c) dietary recommendation, (d) stress management, (e) sleep management and (f) motivation and goal-setting techniques. Each topic will be delivered during each face-to-face session and the duration of each session will be around 120 minutes.
The group-based CBT-D therapy includes six weekly sessions (i.e., participants will attend one 120-minute, face-to-face group therapy per week, and will be asked to practice taught-skills every day, for 42 days) that are related to the following topics: (a) psychoeducation, (b) cognitive restructuring, (c) behavioral activation, (d) self-care and relapse prevention.
Change in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
The PHQ-9, a 9-item questionnaire used for screening, diagnosing, monitoring, and measuring the severity of depression, which scores each of the nine DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day).
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 12-week follow-up
Change in the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7)
The GAD-7, a 7-item questionnaire used for screening, diagnosing, monitoring, and measuring the severity of anxiety over the past two weeks on a 4-point scale, "0" (not at all) to "4" (nearly every day).
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 12-week follow-up
Change in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
ISI is a 7-item scale designed to evaluate perceived insomnia severity. Ratings on the 5-point Likert scale are obtained on the perceived severity of sleep-onset, sleep-maintenance, early morning awakening problems, satisfaction with current sleep pattern, interference with daily functioning, noticeably of impairment attributed to the sleep problem, and level of distress caused by the sleep problem.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 12-week follow-up
Change in the Short Form (Six-Dimension) Health Survey (SF-6D)
SF-6D is a preference-based single index measure of health. A six-digit number represents each SF-6D health state, each digit denotes the level of one of six SF-6D dimensions: physical functioning, role limitation, social functioning, bodily pain, mental health, and vitality.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 12-week follow-up
Change in the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II)
The 52-item HPLPII is composed of a total scale and six subscales to measure behaviors in the theorized dimensions of health-promoting lifestyle: spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, nutrition, physical activity, health responsibility, and stress management.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 12-week follow-up
Change in the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)
SDS is a brief, 5-item self-report tool that assesses functional impairment in work/school, social life, and family life.
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 12-week follow-up
Change in the Credibility-Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ)
The 6-item CEQ yielded ratings of treatment credibility, acceptability/satisfaction, and expectations for success. Specific wording referencing "anxiety" was changed to refer to "depression".
Time frame: Baseline and immediate post-treatment
Change in the International Physical Activities Questionnaire - Chinese version (IPAQ-C)
Participants' sitting time, walking time and moderate and vigorous physical activity are assessed by 5 questions from a short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Chinese version a short form of the IPAQ-C. The questions include: "On a typical weekday in the last 7 days, how many hours per day did you typically spend sitting?"; "On a typical weekend in the last 7 days, how many hours per day did you typically spend sitting?"; "During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do at least 10 minutes moderate physical activity/vigorous physical activity/walking?"; "How much time did you usually spend doing the moderate physical activity /vigorous physical activity/walking on one of those days?"; and "How much time did you usually spend engaging in physical activity while seated and standing on one of those days?"
Time frame: Baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 12-week follow-up
Change in the Treatment Acceptability and Adherence Scale (TAAS)
TAAS is a self-reported, ten-item questionnaire that is rated by a seven-point Likert scale from 1 to 7, and it aims at evaluating the clients' attitude toward the treatment sessions by four domains, including acceptability, adherence, drop-out, and distress. Specific wording referencing "anxiety" was changed to refer to "depression".
Time frame: Baseline and immediate post-treatment
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