Habituation of the Nociceptive Blink Reflex in Experimentally Induced Migraine Attack

Overview

People with migraine typically show impaired responsivity to visual, auditory and pain stimuli (Burstein et al, 2015). The electrophysiological study of the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR) is widely adopted for the instrumental evaluation of trigeminal afferent function. Migraine sufferers characteristically show deficits in the habituation to repeated stimulations of various sensory modalities, in the interictal phase of the disease (Bohotin et al, 2002; Di Clemente et al, 2005). It has been described how the habituation / sensitization pattern presents a characteristic pattern over the course of the migraine cycle. Past evidence suggests that the habituation deficit may turn towards a normalization of the pattern near the acute migraine attack (Coppola et al, 2013; Katsarava et al, 2003). However, the study of the spontaneous attack shows various limits and difficulties, mainly due to the impossibility of predicting the onset of the next attack and of standardizing the experimental conditions. The use of human models of migraine allows us to overcome these obstacles. Di Clemente et al. (2009) evaluated the electrophysiological changes in nBR after administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) in healthy subjects. The authors described a modification of trigeminal circuits and cortical responses (visual evoked potentials) after NTG. However, NTG administration does not induce migraine attack in healthy subjects, therefore this model cannot be directly translated to migraine pathology (Ashina et al. 2017). Our group has previously used the human model of migraine based on the administration of NTG to study central and spinal level sensitization through the nociceptive avoidance reflex in the lower limb (RIII) (De Icco et al. 2020). The results of the previous study deepened our understanding of the central mechanisms of sensitization. The investigation of the nBR allows to study the modulation of the caudal trigeminal complex (TCC). In the present study we therefore intend to evaluate, under well-controlled experimental conditions, the modulation of the trigeminal caudal complex during an experimentally induced migraine attack. The study will allow us to confirm or not the normalization of habituation described in the acute phase through the adoption of a solid cross-over and placebo-controlled study design.

This is an interventional, randomized, crossover and double-blind placebo-controlled study. The enrolled subjects will participate in two study sessions (V1 and V2, respectively) placed at least one week apart. A first screening visit (V0) is planned, during which the clinical-demographic data will be collected, the patients will undergo a complete neurological and objective examination, and an ECG will be performed to exclude major cardiac pathologies. Patients who meet the inclusion / exclusion criteria will continue with the subsequent study sessions (V1 and V2). During V1 and V2 the subjects must be in the inter-critical phase of the disease, i.e. free from headache and in the absence of analgesic drugs in the previous 48 hours. First study session (V1): At baseline (T0), disease assessment scales (MIDAS, HIT-6, ASC-12, MSQ, BDI, STAI) will be administered, and the first electrophysiological test session (nociceptive blink reflex -nBR) will be performed along with the first blood sample from a peripheral venous catheter positioned in the antecubital vein. At the end of the baseline evaluation, the subjects will be randomized into two groups to receive, during the first of the two sessions, NTG (0.5 μg / kg / min intravenous in 20 minutes) or placebo (intravenous saline in 20 minutes) via infusion pump. The subjects will then be monitored in hospital for 4 hours following the NTG infusion (hospital phase) and then discharged with the indication to keep a headache diary for a further 8 hours (12 hours of overall observation). At the end of the 4 hours of hospital observation, the investigator or the patient may decide to extend the observation period based on the possible occurrence of adverse effects or in any case as required. Starting from the infusion, the onset of headache and associated characteristics (nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, location of pain, quality of pain, aggravation with cough, intensity) will be evaluated every ten minutes, as well as the presence of other symptoms or adverse events. The vital parameters (blood pressure, heart rate) will be monitored every 5 minutes during the infusion, then every 10 minutes for the entire duration of the in-hospital observation. Additional vital sign measurements will be performed based on clinical need or trend. After 2 hours (T1) and 4 hours (T2) from the end of the NTG / placebo infusion, the electrophysiological evaluations and blood samples will be repeated, and the assessment scale for allodynia (ASC-12) will be administered. In subjects in which the induced migraine attack will appear within the hospital observation phase (4 hours), sumatriptan 6 mg will be administered subcutaneously. 1 hour after the administration of sumatriptan, the electrophysiological evaluation of the nBR and blood sampling after (TS) will be repeated. Second study session (V2): Patients will return to the center for the second session (V2) of the study at least one week after the first session. The second session will completely mirror the first, patients will receive placebo (intravenous saline in 20 minutes) or NTG (0.5 μg / kg / min intravenous in 20 minutes) in cross-over according to the randomization list. It is specified that, for female subjects, a urine pregnancy test will be carried out before each study session. The patient will be informed that headache may arise during the test, but no information will be shared on the possible course after NTG / placebo to avoid breaking the blind. NBR registration procedure: The R2 response of nBR will be evaluated using a planar concentric electrode (Bionen, Florence, Italy), placed 10 mm above the emergence of the supraorbital nerve. For each subject, the preferential side of pain localization of migraine crises will be chosen, alternatively the right side will be used. Stimulation parameters: single monopolar stimulation, duration 0.3 ms, band filter: 3 Hz to 3 kHz, recording frequency: 2.5 kHz, analysis time: 200ms, sensitivity: 100 mV. The surface electromyographic recording (CED Powerlab 1401, Cambridge Electronic Design) will be carried out at the level of the orbicularis oculi muscle through a pair of surface electrodes, the reference electrode on the side of the eye, the recording electrode on the midpoint of the lower eyelid. A progressive increase in the stimulation intensity (0.3 mA at a time) will be used to evaluate the reflex threshold (RT = reflex threshold), defined as a stably present response to at least 3 stimulations. To assess the habituation of nBR, 26 consecutive stimuli will be administered at different stimulus frequencies, according to a random order (0.2, 0.3, 0.5 Hz), with a stimulation intensity equal to 1.8 times the RT. Of these stimulations, the first will be removed from the analysis to eliminate the startle response. The 25 electromyographic recordings will be collected in 5 blocks, and the values of the area under the amplitude curve (AUC, ms \* mV) will be calculated for each block. The percentage change in the AUC of the last block, compared to the first, represents the "habituation index" (HI) value. Biochemical panel: * Plasma levels of pro and anti inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10) through a latest generation ELISA analysis * Plasma levels of quinolinic acid, through mass spectrometry; * Plasma levels of CGRP, PACAP, VIP through commercially available ELISA kits. * Gene expression of the cytokines mentioned above and specific microRNAs (mir-155, mir-382, mir-34a, mir-30a) and MALAT1 through RT-PCR method.