Up-to-date evidence suggests that blood transfusion initiated as early as possible reduces the likelihood of death from hemorrhagic shock, and the sooner replacement therapy with blood products is initiated, the greater the effect on mortality. Typically, the patient is transfused with one to two units of O RhD (Rh blood group D antigen) negative packed red blood cells (PRBC). Hemostasis accelerating medicines (dry plasma, tranexamic acid, calcium, fibrinogen) as well as crystalloids are also often given. Finnish Red Cross Blood Service is validating cold stored, 0 RhD positive, male donor, leucoreduced, platelet sparing, low blood group ABO antibody titer whole blood product (LTOWB). For this prospective, open, non-randomized clinical study LTOWB will be used in three prehospital emergency medical services that currently use most of prehospital blood products in Finland, while other participating prehospital emergency medical service bases provide controls. Blood transfusions will be given for clinical indication only. The primary goal is to introduce LTOWB and to analyze its feasibility in Finnish prehospital emergency medical service. Study also aims to prove safety of LTOWB, and to analyze coagulation properties of LTOWB compared to currently prehospitally used PRBC transfusions.
Up-to-date evidence suggests that blood transfusion initiated as early as possible reduces the likelihood of death from hemorrhagic shock, and the sooner replacement therapy with blood products is initiated, the greater the effect on mortality. Since the mid-2010s, prehospital emergency medical services in Finland have used blood transfusions. Typically, the patient is transfused with one to two units of O RhD (Rh blood group D antigen) negative packed red blood cells (PRBC). Hemostasis accelerating medicines (dry plasma, tranexamic acid, calcium, fibrinogen) as well as crystalloids are also often given during pre-hospital emergency treatment. Platelets are not used prehospitally in Finland due to logistic reasons. The international trend has been the re-emergence of whole blood as the primary replacement product for acute bleeding. Finnish Red Cross Blood Service is validating cold stored, 0 RhD positive, male donor, leucoreduced, platelet sparing, low blood group ABO antibody titer whole blood product (LTOWB). For this prospective, open, non-randomized clinical study LTOWB will be used in three prehospital emergency medical services that currently use most of prehospital blood products in Finland (HUS area, Pirkanmaa area and Päijät-Häme area). Other participating prehospital emergency medical service bases provide controls. Blood transfusions will be given for clinical indication only. The primary goal is to introduce LTOWB and to analyze its feasibility in Finnish prehospital emergency medical service. Study also aims to prove safety of LTOWB, and to analyze coagulation properties of LTOWB and its effects on endothelial injury and inflammation compared to currently prehospitally used PRBC transfusions. The primary endpoint of the clinical study is the number of patients having severe coagulopathy (measured as INR of = 1.5) at hospital arrival. The secondary outcomes in order of precedence are: Number of patients having coagulopathy at hospital arrival (INR \>1.2), time at the scene of transfusion capable unit , need for massive transfusion protocol at hospital, discharge from primary hospital, discharge from intensive care unit, number of patients with acute lung injury according to Berlin definition, in-hospital mortality, 24 hour mortality, any serious adverse effect within 30 days, any adverse effect excluding anti-D formation of D-negative patients within 30 days. Study begins at first quarter of 2022 and recruiting for clinical part of the study continues three years. All adult (=18 years of age) patients who receive prehospital LTOWB or PRBC transfusion during study period in contributing prehospital emergency medical services will be asked to participate using delayed informed consent procedure from patient, or their next of kin if patient is unable due to his/her condition. Consent will not be asked from next of kin and no blood samples for study will be collected, if patient dies before any contact. In addition to clinical data, a survey that analyses the emergency care team-members' experiences of transfusion events at prehospital setting will be conducted, and prehospital time logs will be compared between the LTOWB and control groups. In addition, separate blood samples will be collected for coagulation, endothelial injury and inflammatory response analyses from subsample of the patients.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
300
Type O RhD negative packed red cell transfusion during prehospital emergency care
Type O RhD positive, low titer whole blood transfusion during prehospital emergency care
PH00
Lahti, Finland
RECRUITINGSevere coagulopathy
Number of patients having severe coagulopathy (measured as INR of = 1.5)
Time frame: within 30 minutes upon arrival to the hospital
Coagulopathy
Number of patients having coagulopathy (INR \>1.2)
Time frame: within 30 minutes upon arrival to the hospital
Time spend at the scene
Time (min) from arrival of transfusion capable unit at the scene to depart of the patient to the hospital.
Time frame: 1-500 minutes
Number of patients needing massive transfusion protocol
Need for massive transfusion protocol at hospital
Time frame: During first 24 hours after arrival to the hospital
Time treated at the hospital
Time (days) patient is treated at the hospital capable of providing curative treatment to the patients medical condition. Data gathered from patient records (admission to ICU and discharge from ICU date)
Time frame: From day 0 (arrival to the hospital) to the date of discharge from the hospital or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 36 months.
Time treated at the intensive care unit
Time (days) patient is treated at the intensive care unit during first ICU episode. Data gathered from patient records (admission to ICU and discharge from ICU date)
Time frame: From day 0 (arrival to ICU) to the date of discharge/removal to the ward or date of death, whichever came first, assessed up to 36 months.
Number of patients with acute lung injury
Number of patients with acute lung injury according to Berlin definition
Time frame: From day 0 (arrival to the hospital) to the date of discharge from the hospital or date of death, whichever came first, assessed up to 36 months
In-hospital mortality
Mortality during initial hospitalization period
Time frame: From day 0 (arrival to the hospital) to the date of discharge from the hospital or or date of death, whichever came first, assessed up to 36 months
24 hour mortality
Any mortality during first 24 hours from event
Time frame: 24 hours from the event
Serious adverse effects
Any serious adverse effect within 30 days
Time frame: 30 days from the event
Adverse effects
Any adverse effect excluding anti-D formation of D-negative patients within 30 days.
Time frame: 30 days from the event
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