The goal of this multicenter randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the additional value of pre-emptive antibiotic treatment on clinically relevant organ/space surgical site infections (OSIs) in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy with a high risk for contaminated bile. The main objectives it aims to answer are: * To evaluate the effect of pre-emptive antibiotic prophylaxis on clinically relevant OSIs in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy with a high risk for contaminated bile * To evaluate the effect of pre-emptive antibiotic prophylaxis on other postoperative outcomes (e.g. OSIs, superficial SSIs, POPF, PPH, major morbidity, ICU admission, readmission, length of hospital stay, and mortality). * To evaluate concordance between perioperatively obtained bile cultures and postoperative cultures from infectious sites, and to evaluate antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the cultured microorganisms. Participants will be randomized with a 1:1 allocation before surgery into the intervention or control group: * Patients in the intervention group will receive perioperative prophylaxis (similar to the control group) followed by five days of 1500mg IV cefuroxime and 500mg IV metronidazole thrice daily. * Patients in the control group will only receive perioperative prophylaxis (a single dose of 5-7mg/kg gentamicin followed by 2gr IV cefazolin and 500mg IV metronidazole every 4h of surgery), which will be discontinued after surgery.
Rationale: The additional value of pre-emptive antibiotic treatment after pancreatoduodenectomy is undetermined as previous research reported conflicting results regarding infectious complications. Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis (formally pre-emptive antibiotic treatment) after pancreatoduodenectomy might reduce the rate of surgical site infections in patients with a high risk for contaminated bile (predominantly patients with preoperative biliary drainage or an ampullary malignancy). Current national and international guidelines lack clear recommendations regarding pre-emptive antibiotic treatment leading to substantially varying antibiotic prophylactic regimes between institutes. Objective: This trial evaluates the additional value of pre-emptive antibiotic treatment on clinically relevant organ/space surgical site infections (OSIs) in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy with a high risk for contaminated bile. Study design: This multicenter, randomized controlled, superiority trial compares perioperative versus pre-emptive antibiotic treatment during five postoperative days after pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with a high risk for contaminated bile. Study population: Adult patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy with a high risk for contaminated bile (patients with preoperative biliary drainage or an ampullary malignancy). Patients with a contraindication for the study antibiotics or a preoperative indication for antibiotics (e.g. cholangitis of preoperative abscesses) are excluded. Intervention: Participants will be randomized to either perioperative prophylaxis (cefazolin, metronidazole and a single dose of 5-7mg/kg gentamicin, control arm) or additional cefuroxime and metronidazole for five postoperative days (experimental arm). Main study endpoints: The primary endpoint are organ/space infections (OSIs) within 90 days after surgery requiring a therapeutic intervention. Secondary endpoints are OSIs, isolated OSIs, wound infections, postoperative pancreatic fistula, bile or enteric anastomotic leakage, post pancreatectomy hemorrhage, delayed gastric emptying, bacteremia, Clostridium difficile infection, major morbidity (Clavien-Dindo ≥III), reintervention, ICU admission, length of hospital stay, readmission, and in-hospital and 90-day mortality. Besides, switch of postoperative antibiotics, antibiotic sensitivity patterns and concordance between perioperative bile and postoperative surgical site cultures are analyzed. Sample size: The sample size is calculated for superiority to achieve an OSI difference of 15% (40% vs 25%). With a 80% power (1-β) and a two-sided significance level (α) of 5.0%, a sample of 304 evaluable patients is required for superiority. Assuming a 3% non-resection rate due to metastatic disease and a 3% loss-of-follow-up rate, an expected number of 322 included patients are needed to reach the sample size of 304 evaluable patients to demonstrate superiority for the intervention.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
344
1500mg IV cefuroxime thrice daily during five days.
500mg IV metronidazole thrice daily during five days.
Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
RECRUITINGJeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
NOT_YET_RECRUITINGAmsterdam University Medical Center
Amsterdam, Netherlands
RECRUITINGAmphia Ziekenhuis
Breda, Netherlands
RECRUITINGCatharina Ziekenhuis
Eindhoven, Netherlands
RECRUITINGMedisch Spectrum Twente
Enschede, Netherlands
RECRUITINGGroningen University Medical Center
Groningen, Netherlands
RECRUITINGMaastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht, Netherlands
RECRUITINGRadboud University Medical Center
Nijmegen, Netherlands
RECRUITINGErasmus MC Cancer Institute
Rotterdam, Netherlands
RECRUITING...and 1 more locations
Rate of clinically relevant organ/space surgical site infection (OSI) between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
A clinically relevant OSI is defined by the following criteria: * A deep surgical site infection involving any part of the abdomen (e.g. organs and/or spaces) other than the surgical incision within 90 days after surgery. * AND Requires radiological, endoscopic or surgical intervention OR therapeutic antibiotics required for an episode of sepsis, defined as two or more SIRS criteria. * AND Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture.
Time frame: 90 days after surgery
The rate of organ/Space Infection (OSI) between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
An OSI is defined by the CDC definition: o The infection appears to be related to the operative procedure and infection involves any part of the anatomy (e.g., organs or spaces) other than the incision opened or manipulated during the operative procedure, and at least one of the following is present: 1. Purulent drainage from a drain that is placed into the organ/space. 2. Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue in the organ/space. 3. An abscess or other evidence of infection involving the organ/space on direct examination, during reoperation, or by histopathologic or radiologic examination. 4. Diagnosis of an organ/space SSI by a surgeon or attending physician."
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of isolated OSI between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Isolated OSI is defined as an OSI without concurrent anastomotic leakage (pancreatojejunostomy, hepaticojejunostomy or gastrojejunostomy). The concept of an isolated OSI is used to separately classify abdominal infections without concurrent anastomotic leakage.
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of superficial incisional SSI between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
A superficial surgical site infection after surgery which involves superficial or deep soft tissue (skin, muscle or fascia, but no intra-abdominal tissue), and at least one of the following criteria is present: * Purulent drainage from the incision or subcutaneous tissue. * Isolation of microorganisms from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue from the superficial incision of subcutaneous tissue. * Superficial infections of the skin or subcutaneous tissue which is deliberately opened by a surgeon or attending physician OR at least one of the following signs are present: localizes pain, tenderness, swelling, heat or fever \>38 degrees).
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Grade B or C postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) defined by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery definition: Grade A: Amylase \>3 times upper limit of the institutional normal serum amylase value Grade B: Grade A + persistant drainage \>3 weeks, clinically relevant change in management of POPF, percutaneous or endoscopic drainage, angiographic procedures for bleeding, or signs of infection without organ failure. Grade C: Grade A or B requiring reoperation, resulting in organ failure or death.
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of bile leakage between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Grade A, B or C defined by the ISGLS definition: Grade A: Bile leakage requiring no or little change in patients' clinical management. Grade B: Bile leakage requiring a change in patients clinical management (eg, additional diagnostic or interventional procedures) but manageable without relaparotomy, or a Grade A bile leakage lasting for \>1 week. Grade C: Bile leakage requiring relaparotomy
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of post pancreatectomy hemorrhage between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Grade A, B or C defined by the ISGPS definition: Grade A: Early (\<24h after surgery), intra- or extraluminal, clinically mild. Grade B: Early (\<24h after surgery), intra- or extraluminal and clinically severe OR later (\>24h after surgery), intra- or extraluminal and clincally mild. Grade C: Late (\>24h after surgery), intra- or extraluminal and clinically severe.
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of delayed gastric emptying between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Grade A, B or C defined by the ISGPS definition: Grade A: Until day 4-7 or replacement of feeding tube \> 3 days after surgery Grade B: Until day 8-14 or replacement of feeding tube \> 7 days after surgery Grade C: \>day 14 or replacement of feeding tube \> 14 after surgery
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of postoperative bacteremia between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Defined as a positive blood culture obtained during a septic period (defined as two or more SIRS criteria)
Time frame: 90 days
The rate of Clostridium difficile infection between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Defined by a positive fecal culture for Clostridium difficile
Time frame: 90 days
Rate of major complications between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Major complications is defined by a Clavien-Dindo score of ≥III. Clavien-Dindo classification of Surgical Complications: Grade I: Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiological interventions. Grade II: Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Grade IIIa: Requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention not under general anesthesia Grade IIIb: Requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention under general anesthesia Grade IVa: Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications)\* requiring IC/ICU-management with single organ dysfunction (including dialysis). Grade IVb: Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications)\* requiring IC/ICU-management with multi organ dysfunction. Grade V: Death of a patient
Time frame: 90 days
The number of reinterventions in patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Reinterventions could be either radiological, surgical or endoscopic reinterventions
Time frame: 90 days
The number of ICU admission in patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
ICU admission
Time frame: 90 days
Length of hospital stay in patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
In days
Time frame: 90 days
The number of readmissions between patients with perioperative versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis
Readmission into the hospital
Time frame: 90 days
Mortality
In-hospital and 90-days mortality
Time frame: 90 days
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