PE-1 in the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency

Inclusion Criteria: \- 【patients with clinical diagnosed PEI】 1. Inpatients or outpatients of both sexes, aged 18 to 80 years. 2. Patients with pancreatic disease or after pancreatic or gastric resection (one of the following) 1. Chronic pancreatitis. 2. At least 3 months after pancreatectomy (surgical procedures included total pancreatectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, and distal pancreatectomy). 3. Patients recovering from severe acute pancreatitis (duration less than 24 months). 4. More than 3 months after gastrectomy (surgical methods included total gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy, and distal gastrectomy). 3. Enrolled patients had at least one of the following symptoms (except those after pancreatectomy) 1. abdominal distension. 2. Weight loss (weight loss is defined as loss of more than 5% of basal body weight in one year). 3. steatorrhea. 4. Agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form. 【patients without clinical diagnosed PEI】 1. Both male and female, aged between 18 and 80 years old. 2. Patients who met one of the following criteria were included in the study: 1. Patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases who had no history of pancreatectomy, gastrectomy, or abdominal radiotherapy were included. 2. Healthy volunteers. 3. Patients with benign hepatobiliary diseases, thyroid, breast diseases, and digestive tract diseases who had no history of pancreatectomy, gastrectomy, or abdominal radiotherapy were included. 3. Agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Pregnant women 2. Critically ill patients 3. The subjects with mental disorders were unable to cooperate with the researchers 4. patients who had undergone ileocolon bladder replacement surgery or complicated with intestinal obstruction and other diseases that could not collect feces 5. the quantity of fecal samples, storage and transportation conditions of samples do not meet the requirements of the kit 6. patients who underwent two or more times of gastrectomy or pancreatectomy