The ambition of the ABEL feasibility study is to test new "green prescription" follow-up models that can get more women with obesity, regularly active, with improved health and physical fitness. The project will evaluate the effect on exercise behavior, total physical activity level and mental and physical health outcomes by four different follow-up models by an exercise professional: HIGH-dosage in-person exercise coaching (four session monthly), MEDIUM- dosage in-person exercise coaching (two sessions monthly) LOW-dosage in-person exercise coaching (one session monthly). The main aim of this study is to evaluate which of these follow-up models is most effective on improving women's exercise adherence, total physical activity level, physical fitness, and mental and physical health. This will be weighed against the cost of each of the follow-up models, in order to identify the best model from a socioeconomic cost-effectiveness perspective. Moreover, the study will identify potential barriers among patients, General Practitioners and exercise professionals that prevents optimal outcome from the current green prescription model.
BACKGROUND: Obesity, defined as "abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health" and a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30, represents a major health challenge and economic burden for welfare systems worldwide. Living with obesity is reported to account for 80-85% of the risk of developing non-communicable diseases such as diabetes type 2. Guidance on regular physical activity, exercise and healthy eating is traditionally the first measure taken for patient who undergo treatment for obesity. Treatment for obesity in the primary healthcare service is largely coordinated by general practitioners (GP). Green prescriptions (tailored advice and guidance on lifestyle factors related to development of disease, such as physical activity and healthy eating) can be prescribed as a treatment alternative to patients with chronic disease, such as obesity. However, few GPs in Norway use green prescriptions as a treatment alternative to their patients, and 41% of GPs in 2006 reported that they had newer prescribed green prescriptions to their patients. The lack of sufficient follow-up of patients has been reported as a main limitation with the current green prescription model. Previous research underlines the importance in-person coaching for patients who receives green prescriptions, as well as establishing collaborations with professions such as exercise professionals to be able to provide sufficient coaching of patients. Hence, in-person coaching by an exercise professional may have the means to get more patients with obesity regularly active, and can potentially be the follow-up alternative the current green prescription model is lacking. However, considering the expenses and practical considerations associated with in-person coaching, has former studies displayed the advantage of using web-based behavioral support for patients with obesity. Yet, web-based behavioral support often proves to have poor completion rate, and need to be combined with face-to-face guidance and feedback in order to increase adherence. However, when combining in-person coaching and web-based behavioral support, there is still limited knowledge on how frequent in-person coaching needs to occur, in order to increase adherence. More knowledge on frequency of follow-up is essential for an approach towards an economical sustainable green prescription model. AIMS: 1. In women with obesity (BMI≥30), what is the effect of in-person exercise coaching (high vs. medium vs. low dosage) on exercise adherence and total physical activity level? 2. In women with obesity (BMI≥30), what is the effect of in-person exercise coaching (high vs. medium vs. low dosage) on mental health variables (quality of life, self-efficacy and barriers and motivation to exercise)? 3. In women with obesity (BMI≥30), what is the effect of in-person exercise coaching (high vs. medium vs. low dosage) on health (glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI and urinary incontinence) and physical fitness (aerobic endurance, muscular strength)? 4. Is adherence to exercise and succeeding health effects associated with the exercise professionals level of education and knowledge base? 5. What are the participant's experiences, barriers and facilitators of participating in the ABEL-project? 6. What are the general practitioners' experiences, barriers and facilitators of using the "green prescription"? STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD: In the present feasibility study, women with obesity (BMI of ≥30, n=200) will be recruited to a 20-week randomized control trial (RCT) with four arms. Participants will be recruited via social media platforms (Facebook and Instagram). Using simple computer-based randomization program, participants will be randomized to one of the following arms: HIGH dosage in person exercise coaching, MEDIUM dosage in-person exercise coaching, LOW dosage in-person exercise coaching, and CONTROL group. A total of 25 exercise professionals, working full time as a personal trainer will follow up the participants at one of the following fitness clubs: "Feel24", "PT-group", "Nr1 Fitness", "Trento" or "Spenst". All participants in the intervention arms (HIGH, MEDIUM and LOW) groups are provided the same frequency (each week) of follow-up by the exercise professional. At baseline, all participants will respond to an electronic questionnaire, perform measures of muscular strength and aerobic endurance, measure blood pressure, hip-waist ratio, BMI (height and weight) and take a blood sample (Tigeni Kit). After a 20-weeks intervention period, participants will perform a post-test including the same previous mentioned outcome measures. n=15 of women from intervention arms HIGH (n=5), MEDIUM (n=5) and LOW (n=5), will also be invited to participate in an in-depth interview in order to investigate participants experiences and barriers for participating in the ABEL feasibility study. In addition to the RCT, the project will also recruit GPs (n=8) to participate in an in-depth interview with researchers from the project group. GPs will be recruited to provide more in-depth understanding on reasons for what the current green prescription model is lacking.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
200
High dosage (one hour each week) of in-person exercise coaching by an exercise professional.
Medium dosage (one hour every other week) of in-person exercise coaching by an exercise professional.
Low dosage (one hour every month) of in-person exercise coaching by an exercise professional
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Oslo, Norway
RECRUITINGAdherence (attendance) to prescribed exercise sessions
Measures of adherence to exercise sessions will be collected through the ABEL-app (ABEL Technologies). Sessions performed with the exercise professional will be logged through the ABEL-app of the exercise professional, while sessions performed independently will be logged through the ABEL-app of the participant. Participants adherence will be measured by attendance (percentage of exercise sessions completed out of exercise sessions offered).
Time frame: Continuously during the intervention period of 20 weeks
Fulfillment of physical activity recommendations
To determine whether participants are meeting the physical activity recommendations, a single question whil be asked : "for the last six months, have you participated in more or less than 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week?" Participants can respond either "more" or "less", where more is greater than less. Fulfillment of physical activity recommendations, exercise frequency, duration of exercise sessions and physical activity mode will be combined in order to measure participants physical activity behavior.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Exercise frequency
Exercise frequency will be measured by a single questions: "how often do you exercise each week?" participants can give a respond from 0-"7, where 7 is greater than 0. Exercise frequency, fulfillment of physical activity recommendations, duration of exercise sessions and mode of physical activity will be combined in order to measure participants physical activity behavior.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention (20 weeks).
Duration of exercise sessions
Duration of exercise sessions will be measured by a single question: "how long do you usually exercise per session? Participants can give a respond in minutes from "below 30 minutes" to "above 90 minutes", where above 90 minutes is greater than 30 minutes. Duration of exercise sessions, fulfillment of physical activity recommendations, mode of physical activity and frequency of exercise sessions will be combined in order to measure participants physical activity behavior.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Mode of physical activity
To determine which type of physical activity participants performs, participants will answer a single question: "Which of the following types of activities do you usually participate in? Participants are able to select more than one response of: "Commuting activities", "activities at home", "cycling", "walking", "exercising at a fitness club", "home exercises", and "exercising in sports". Mode of physical activity, fulfillment of physical activity recommendations, exercise frequency and exercise durations will be combined to measure participants physical activity behavior.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Health-related quality of life
Will be measured by a Norwegian version of "The MOS 36-item short-form health survey" (SF-36). The SF-36 has eight scaled scores; the scores are weighted sums of the questions in each section. Scores range from 0-100. Lower scores = more disability, higher scores = less disability.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Self-efficacy
Will be measured by a Norwegian abbreviated validated version of a "Self-Efficacy Survey" consisting of 12 statements. The subscale covers four to eight statements where the participants rated each statement on a five-point scale, where 5 is the highest grade of self-efficacy, and 1 is the lowest. For each subscale, a sum score (from 1 to 5) will be calculated by adding scores from each statement, divided by the number of statements.
Time frame: at baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Motivation for exercise and physical activity
Will be measured by a Norwegian version of the validated survey "BREQ-2", which measures the levels of self-determination in motivation for exercise and physical activity on a 5-point Likert-scale (from 1 to 5). Score range from 0-100, where high scores means more intrinsic motivated for exercise and physical activity.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Perceived social support from family and friends
Questions to measure social support for exercise and physical activity will be based on a validated social support questionnaire consisting of 13 statements concerning social support from friends and family. The participants rate each statement on how often, on a five-point scale, their family or friends have been supportive of them exercising. A total social support score will be calculated (from 6 to 30), where higher scores demonstrated greater social support for exercise and physical activity.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Stage of motivational readiness for exercise and physical activity
Will be measured in line with a previously conducted questionnaire on exercise professionals effect on changing attitude towards physical activity and exercise. Participants will rate one statement (on how likely they are to start exercising the next six months) according to the five stages in the stages of change model: re-contemplation (not intending to make changes), Contemplation (considering a change), Preparation (getting ready to make a change), Action (actively engaged in making a change but only for a short while) \& Maintenance (sustaining the change over time). "Maintenance" is the highest grade of motivation, followed by "Action", "Preparation" and "Contemplation". "Re-contemplation" is the lowest grade of motivation.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Barriers to exercise
Questions will be based on barriers previously identified among a Norwegian adult population (n= 12 504) and among fitness club members. 18 barriers will be included in the questionary. The participants rated how limiting they perceived each barrier to be on a three-point scale (1= not correct, 3=very correct). By adding the score from each barrier divided by the number of statements, a sum-score (from 1 to 3) for each subscale will be calculated.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Urinary incontinence
Will be measured using a Norwegian version of the "Incontinence Questionaire-Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF)". Measures will be given by a Likert scale from "never" to "all the time". Awareness and knowledge about pelvis floor muscles exercises will be assessed by single questions: "Do you do pelvic floor muscle exercises?" If yes, how many times weekly?" "If yes, has your exercise professional provided you any coaching on pelvic floor muscle exercises?"
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Glycated hemoglobin
Will be collected through capillary blood drawn from finger pricks by Tigeni self testing kits. Measures will be given in mmol/L
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Blood pressure
Will be assessed by the participants GP. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured. Unit of measures is millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Weight
Will be measured by the participants GP. Unit of measures is in kilogram (kg). Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m2
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Height
Will be measured by the participants GP. Unit of measures is centimeters (cm). Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m2
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Cholesterol
Cholesterol will be collected through capillary blood drawn from finger pricks by Tigeni self testing kits. Unit of measures is mmol/L
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Heart rate recovery
Unit of measures is beats per minute (BPM). Heart rate recovery combined with RPE and working heart rate will be used to assess relative changes in participants aerobic endurance.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Measures will be given on a rating scale from 6 (no exertion) to 20 (maximal exertion). Participants will perform a standardized incline treadmill-walking test. RPE, heart rate recovery and changes in working heart rate will be combined to assess participants relative changes in aerobic endurance.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Working heart rate
Unit of measures is beats per minute (BPM). Working heart rate is combined with RPE and Heart rate recovery to assess participants relative changes in aerobic endurance.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Muscular strength
Will be assessed by a 1-RM (repetition maximum) estimation test in: chest press, close grip lat pull down and leg press. Load will progressively be increase until the participant reaches nine or less repetitions. Brzycki 1-RM prediction equation will be used to estimate the 1-RM based on the resistance and repetitions performed. The equation is mathematically expressed as 1RM = W/ \[102.78- 2.78(R)\]/100, where W is the weight used and R is the maximal number of repetitions performed.
Time frame: At baseline and following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Factors associated with exercise adherence and drop-out
n=15 of participants from the intervention group: HIGH, MEDIUM and LOW will be invited to participate in a semi-structured in-depth interview. A former investigation in Norway, including 14 questions designed to address factors associated with exercise adherence and drop-out. These questions will be combined with questions covering BPNES in order to measure participant's experiences, barriers and facilitators of participating in the study.
Time frame: Following the intervention period (20 weeks)
Basic physicological needs in exercise (BPNES)
n=15 of participants from the intervention group: HIGH, MEDIUM and LOW. Will be invited to participate in a semi-structured in-depth interview including questions covering fulfillment of BPNES (autonomy, relatedness and competence). Questions regarding fulfilment of BPNES will be combined with questions designed to address factors associated with exercise adherence and drop-out, to evaluate participant's experiences, barriers and facilitators of participating in the study.
Time frame: Following the intervention period (20 weeks)
In-depth interview (general practitioners)
n=8 general practitioners will participate in a semi-structured in-depth interview (approximately 45 min). The interview will be led by researchers from the project group, audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Questions will be based on a previous qualitative study conducted on GPs in Norway, covering GPs experiences with the current green prescription model, and views on exercise as medicine.
Time frame: Following the intervention period (20 weeks)
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