The goal of this observational study is to investigate the concentrations of leptin, insulin, liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), and cortisol in plasma and breast milk and their relationship with eating behavior, growth, adiposity and with the levels of these hormones in infants, comparing mothers with normal weight and with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity. The main question\[s\] it aims to answer are: * Are maternal hormones associated with child growth and adiposity * Are maternal hormone receptors associated with child growth and adiposity * Are infant hormones and their receptors associated with child growth and adiposity * Are maternal and infant hormones and their receptors associated with child eating behavior Participants will provide milk and blood samples. Researchers will compare mothers with normal weight and with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity to see if there are differences in child growth and adiposity .
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
130
the consequences of maternal pregestational overweight/obesity on infant´s growth and adiposity will be studied
Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri
La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
RECRUITINGinfant weight
weight in kilograms
Time frame: from birth to 2 years old
infant height
height in centimeters
Time frame: from birth to 2 years old
infant body mass index (BMI)
weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m\^2
Time frame: from birth to 2 years old
infant upper arm circumference
upper arm circumference in centimeters
Time frame: from birth to 2 years old
infant skinfold thickness
skinfold thickness in centimeters
Time frame: from birth to 2 years old
infant blood leptin concentration
blood leptin concentration (ng/ml)
Time frame: six months old
infant blood cortisol concentration
blood cortisol concentration (ug%)
Time frame: six months old
infant saliva cortisol concentration
saliva cortisol (ug%)
Time frame: six months old
infant blood insulin concentration
blood insulin concentration (uU/ml)
Time frame: six months old
infant insulin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
insulin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (relative expression)
Time frame: six months old
infant leptin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
leptin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (relative expression)
Time frame: six months old
infant glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (relative expression)
Time frame: six months old
infant blood LEAP2 concentration
blood LEAP2 concentration (pg/ml)
Time frame: six months old
infant eating behavior assessed in a Taste acceptance test
Outcome Measures Infant taste acceptance was assessed using two complementary measures: an Ingestion Ratio (IR) and a Liking Ratio (LR). Sweet and fat taste acceptance were evaluated using a lactose solution (0.2 M) and a fat emulsion (3.5% w/v), respectively, with water used as a reference. During each test, infants were sequentially offered bottles containing water and the tastant. Intake volume was determined by weighing bottles before and after ingestion. The IR was calculated as the volume of tastant consumed divided by the total volume of tastant plus water consumed, allowing comparison across infants by accounting for individual differences in sucking behavior. The LR was based on a blinded experimenter's assessment of the infant's overall behavioral response using a standardized 5-point scale ranging from strong rejection to strong acceptance. Both ratios ranged from 0 to 1, with 0.5 indicating indifference relative to water.
Time frame: at 18 month od
maternal blood leptin concentration
blood leptin concentration (ng/ml)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal milk leptin concentration
milk leptin concentration (ng/ml)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal blood insulin concentration
blood insulin concentration (uU/ml)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal milk insulin concentration
milk insulin concentration (uU/ml)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal blood cortisol concentration
blood cortisol concentration (ug%)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal milk cortisol concentration
milk cortisol concentration (ug%)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal insulin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
insulin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (relative expression)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal leptin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
leptin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (relative expression)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
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glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (relative expression)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal blood LEAP2 concentration
blood LEAP2 concentration (pg/ml)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum
maternal milk LEAP2 concentration
milk LEAP2 concentration (pg/ml)
Time frame: 15 days, three and six months postpartum