This is a randomized controlled trial that intends to verify the effectiveness of the daily practice of meditation before going to sleep for the improvement of sleep, stress, mental health and quality of life of people with sleep problems.
Participants selected for this clinical trial will be randomized into two groups: group 1 (intervention), with 87 participants undergoing 30 minutes of Shabad Kriya meditation before going to sleep, and group 2 (control), with 87 participants who will perform 30 minutes of relaxing reading before going to sleep. In addition, participants will complete the demographic data form; a sleep quality diary; and the scales: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Perceived Stress Scale (PBS), Five Facets of Mindfulness (FFMQ), Daily Spiritual Experiences (DSES), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Wellness Scale Spiritual (FACIT- 12), Duke Religiosity Index (DUREL), Quality of Life - Brief Mode (WHOQOL-Bref) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21). The study is open to the general community, and those interested are screened through the "Insomnia Severity Index" and questionnaires about health conditions. For conducting and guiding the intervention and completing the research instruments, online meetings will be held with the participants. The sleep quality diary will be completed for fourteen days before the start of the intervention (Baseline). Data collection will be carried out with online Google Forms questionnaires, sent through links in digital media, such as messages or emails, or made available in printed form. The main outcome measure will be sleep efficiency calculated using data from the sleep diary. Data from participants with ISI greater than or equal to 10 will be compared before and after the intervention. Additionally, data analysis of participants with ISI above or greater than 8 will be performed. At the end of the eighth week of the intervention (Shabad Kriya meditation or Relaxing reading), as well as one month after the end of the intervention, and three months after the end of the intervention, the participants will again fill in the questionnaires described above, for statistical comparisons.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
174
The Shabad Krya meditation technique, used in Kundalini Yoga, will be performed by the participants of this intervention group for 8 consecutive weeks, for 30 minutes, before going to sleep. This group will be trained by a Kundalini Yoga teacher with extensive experience in Shabad Krya meditation. The evaluation of Sleep Quality, Mental Health and Spirituality parameters will be measured through specific questionnaires, shortly after the end of the eighth week of intervention, and also one month and three months after the end of the intervention.
Relaxing reading will be performed by the participants of this control group for 8 consecutive weeks, for 30 minutes, before going to sleep. The evaluation of Sleep Quality, Mental Health and Spirituality parameters will be measured through specific questionnaires, shortly after the end of the eighth week of intervention, and also one month and three months after the end of the intervention.
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Mean Sleep Efficiency Change
Sleep efficiency is calculated as the number of hours asleep divided by the number of hours in bed with the intention to sleep. Sleep efficiency will be calculated from online sleep diaries that will be completed by participants in this study at baseline (T1), immediately after after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 1 month (T3) and 3 months (T4) after intervention. Sleep efficiency is calculated using sleep parameters extracted from these diaries as sleep onset latency (SOL), total sleep time (TST), total wake time (TWT), Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Self-Reported Quality of Life Change
Self-reported quality of life will be measured at baseline (T1), immediately after after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 1 month (T3) and 3 months (T4) after intervention using the Quality of Life - Brief Mode of World Health Organization (WHOQOL-Bref), a short 26-question version validated questionnaire. The WHOQOL-Bref provides a quality of life measure with four domain scores. Each item is weighted on a 0-5 interval scale. The WHOQOL-BREF score is then calculated according to the method described by the WHO, by totaling the 4 domain scores (physical health; psychological health; social relationships; and environment). The calculation method of the scores in a certain domain is: (summation of the scores in each domain) x 4 / (number of items in a category). The adjusted scores of each domain are as low as 4 points and as high as 20 points. The overall score ranges from 16 to 80, where higher scores denote a higher life quality.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-21 Change
Change in Depression, Anxiety, and Stress will be measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales short form (DASS-21). Each of the 21 items has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 3, and summed to yield independent depression, anxiety, and stress scores. Higher scores indicate severe psychological distress.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) Change
The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) is a five-item measure of religious involvement. The instrument assesses the three major dimensions of religiosity that were identified during a consensus meeting sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (organizational religious activity, non-organizational religious activity, and intrinsic religiosity). The DUREL measures each of these dimensions by a separate "subscale". The DUREL has been used in many published studies conducted throughout the world and is available in many validated different languages questionnaires.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Change
Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) will be used to assess insomnia-related complaints. It is a short and easy self-applied scale with 7 items scored from 0 to 4, with a total score varying from 0 to 28. The total score is interpreted as follows: absence of insomnia (0-7); sub-threshold insomnia (8-14); moderate insomnia (15-21); and severe insomnia involvement. Patients are considered to be with no symptoms of insomnia if the ISI score is lower then 8. Data from participants with ISI greater than or equal to 10 will be compared before and after the intervention. Additionally, data analysis of participants with ISI above or greater than 8 will be performed.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Change
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a questionnaire that assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month period. Sleep quality will be measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The PSQI has seven components, with a global PSQI score \> 5 is indicative of poor sleep quality.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Change
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a five-point Likert-type scale and consists of 14 items. Participants rate each item on a scale ranging from "Never (0)" to "Very often (4)". Seven of the items with positive statements are scored in reverse. As the scores obtained from the scale increase, the perceived stress level of the person increases. PSS-14 scores range from 0 to 56, with 0-35 point range indicating normal stress level, 35-56 point range indicating that the individual is under stress.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT-Sp-12) Change
The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp-12) will be used to assess spiritual well-being and comprises 12 items, each rated on a 5-point scale by the respondent. The first eight items constitute the meaning/peace factor, and the last four items constituted the faith factor. The FACIT-SP-12 questionnaire assesses a sense of meaning, peace, and comfort and strength derived from faith. The FACIT-SP-12 has a 5-point Likert-type scale format. Total scores range from 0 to 48 with higher scores indicating higher levels of spiritual well-being.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Daily spiritual experiences scale (DSES) Change
The Daily spiritual experiences scale (DSES) will be used to assess ordinary experiences of connection with the transcendent in daily life. It includes constructs such as awe, gratitude, mercy, sense of connection with the transcendent and compassionate love. It also includes measures of awareness of discernment/inspiration and a sense of deep inner peace. The DSES is a 16-item self-report measure questionnaire, and higher scores are associated with higher life satisfaction and self-reported good health. The first 15 items are arranged on a Likert-type scale, with scores ranging from 1 (many times a day) to 6 (never or almost never). The item 16 is answered on a 4-point scale (from 1 = not at all to 4 = as close as possible). The score of item 16 is inverted to maintain the same direction as the other items. The total score is obtained by adding the scores of the 16 items, ranging from 16 to 94. Lower scores reflect a higher frequency of spiritual experiences
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-BR) Change
The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-BR) will be used to assess the characteristics of mindfulness. The FFMQ-BR is subdivided into five main evaluation factors (observation, description, non-judgment, non-reactivity and conscientious acting) evaluated in the situations addressed in each item, and each item is rated by the participant using a scale ranging from 1 to 5 points, where 1 represents "never or almost never" and 5 represents "always or almost always". The total score of the questionnaire will be calculated and this score will be compared before and after all intervention to assess whether the participants' level of attention has increased.
Time frame: Baseline (T1), after 8 weeks of intervention (T2), 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3), and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (T4)
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