DKK-3 rs11544814 and CFH rs10737680 Polymorphism and Protein Levels With Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Periodontitis Patients With and Without CAD

Overview

Untreated periodontal infection may result in transient bacteremia and toxaemia which may be the cause of adverse systemic events, leading to various systemic disorders. Amongst all the systemic diseases, cardiovascular disease has been recognized as a major systemic inflammatory condition that present similarities with periodontal disease. Increased systemic biomarkers of inflammation associated with periodontal disease have been interpreted as a mechanistic link between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. Genetic factors are also known to play a pivotal role in influencing the inflammatory and immune response. Genetic polymorphisms are alterations in the DNA sequence found in general population. Most forms of periodontitis represent a life-long account of interactions between the genome and the environment. The previous literature has stated a strong association of genetic polymorphisms in periodontitis and coronary artery diseases. Identifying these polymorphisms can potentially lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms modulating the expression of inflammatory mediators as well as provides potential therapeutic targets in the prevention of periodontal disease. Two such novel polymorphisms have gained attention recently, namely the Dickkopf-3 and complement factor H polymorphisms. Dickkopf-3 belongs to Dickkopf family of glycoproteins. Dickkopf-3 has been mainly investigated in oncology for its role as a tumor suppressor gene and as a therapeutic target in several types of human carcinomas. Recently, Dickkopf-3 gained attention as an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular and renal diseases. Dickkopf-3 has shown to play a role in pathophysiology of arterial wall thickening and abnormality implicated in atherosclerosis. However, genetic polymorphism of Dickkopf-3 rs11544814 and complement factor H rs10737680 its protein levels have never been investigated in subgingival plaque samples of periodontitis patients with coronary artery disease specifically before and after non-surgical therapy. This may further improve our understanding of the influence of this polymorphism on the above mentioned systemic diseases.

Periodontitis is a chronic immuno-inflammatory disease of the gingiva and supporting tissues which is initiated and perpetuated by key periodontal pathogens that results in the destruction of periodontal supporting structures and loss of alveolar bone, eventually culminating in tooth loss. It is further influenced by the complex interaction between periodontal pathogens and the host immune response. Untreated periodontal infection may result in transient bacteremia and toxaemia which may be the cause of adverse systemic events, leading to various systemic disorders. The presence of periodontal pathogens and their metabolic by-products in the oral cavity may get disseminated to the systemic circulation which may pose a risk for various systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, oral and colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory tract infection, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and diabetes. Amongst all the systemic diseases, cardiovascular disease has been recognized as a major systemic inflammatory condition that present similarities with periodontal disease. Linking mechanisms between periodontal and cardiovascular disease include shared risk factors, increased fibrinogen, the role of white blood cells (WBC), the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and acute phase reactants such as C - reactive protein. Increased systemic biomarkers of inflammation associated with periodontal disease have been interpreted as a mechanistic link between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. Although pathogenic bacteria and various other environmental factors are involved in pathogenesis of periodontitis, genetic factors are also known to play a pivotal role in influencing the inflammatory and immune response. Genetic polymorphisms are alterations in the DNA sequence found in general population. Most forms of periodontitis represent a life-long account of interactions between the genome and the environment. The previous literature has stated a strong association of genetic polymorphisms in periodontitis and coronary artery diseases. Identifying these polymorphisms can potentially lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms modulating the expression of inflammatory mediators as well as provides potential therapeutic targets in the prevention of periodontal disease. Two such novel polymorphisms have gained attention recently, namely the Dickkopf-3 and complement factor H polymorphisms. Dickkopf-3 belongs to Dickkopf family of glycoproteins. This protein contains an N-terminal soggy domain and 2 conserved cysteine rich domains (CRDS) which is encoded by the Dickkopf-3 gene. These regulate the WNT signaling pathway, and other signaling cascades such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling. Dickkopf-3 has been mainly investigated in oncology for its role as a tumor suppressor gene and as a therapeutic target in several types of human carcinomas. Recently, Dickkopf-3 gained attention as an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular and renal diseases. Dickkopf-3 has shown to play a role in pathophysiology of arterial wall thickening and abnormality implicated in atherosclerosis. However, genetic polymorphism of Dickkopf-3 rs11544814 and its protein levels have never been investigated in patients with periodontitis with coronary artery disease. This may further improve our understanding of the influence of this polymorphism on the above mentioned systemic diseases. Another novel polymorphism contributing to periodontitis and coronary artery disease is the complement factor H polymorphism. The complement pathway is an essential component of the innate immune system which participates in the elimination of pathogens and bridges the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. Complement factor H is a soluble complement regulator essential for controlling the alternative pathway in blood and on cell surfaces. By recognizing the host cell markers, complement factor H not only controls the complement during normal homeostasis, but also plays an important role by limiting complement mediated damage of diseased cells and tissues. Inadequate recognition of cells by complement factor H results in pathologies such as inherited atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), age related macular degeneration (ARMD), and membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis type II. Recent studies reported that complement factor H polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly population. Studies have also been done to identify various complement factor H polymorphisms, however none of the studies have explored the role of complement factor H rs10737680 and its protein level in subjects with both periodontal disease and coronary artery disease occurring as a continuum. Its expression in periodontal tissues of cardiovascular disease patients is yet to be explored which might act as a potent health assessment tool associating periodontal and cardiovascular diseases in future. NEED FOR THE STUDY While there are studies which have demonstrated the expression of Dickkopf-3 and complement factor H polymorphisms in various inflammatory conditions, there are no studies to state their expression in the subgingival plaque samples of periodontitis patients with coronary artery disease, specifically before and after non-surgical therapy. Also, the correlation of both these polymorphisms and their levels with periodontal and cardiac parameters has never been investigated so far. It is suggested that these polymorphisms may play a role as putative risk indicators in periodontitis subjects with coronary artery disease which may alter following non-surgical periodontal therapy.