Caudal epidural block is a rapid, reliable, and safe technique that can be used with general anesthesia for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients Ketamine is a selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
75
Patient will receive 0.5 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% + 1μg/kg dexmedetomidine caudally
Patient will receive 0.5ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% + 0.5mg/kg ketamine caudally
Patient will receive 0.5ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% + 1ml volume containing 50mg of magnesium caudally.
Karelsheikh University Hospital
Kafr ash Shaykh, Karelsheikh, Egypt
RECRUITINGFirst time of rescue analgesia requirement
If the FLACC score is ≥ 4, pethidine 1 mg/kg. The first time to require analgesia will be calculated (the time from caudal block to the first time to pethidine injection).
Time frame: 24 hours postoperatively
Total consumption of rescue analgesia
If the FLACC score is ≥ 4, pethidine 1 mg/kg. The total pethidine consumption of patients require analgesia in the first 24 h postoperative will be calculated.
Time frame: 24 hours postoperatively
Pain score
FLACC scale will used for postoperative pain assessment. This scale ranges from 0 to 10 where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents worst possible pain
Time frame: 24 hours postoperatively
The incidence of adverse effects
Hypotension bradycardia, respiratory depression and vomiting will be recorded.
Time frame: 24 hours postoperatively
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