This study is part of a hyperhydration project and it has been designed based on a scoping review (Hyperhydration in healthy adults: a scoping review on different methodologies and vehicles utilized) and a previous study (Dietary patterns and gastrointestinal discomfort during Ramadan in a UK Muslim population). The current study aims to examine the impact of different levels of salt intake (6 \& 9 grams) with \[15 milliliters per kilogram of bodyweight (ml/ kg/ bw)\] of water intake during 7 hours of dry fasting compared to a control group (3g salt) under the state of water balance (euhydrated). A previous study and a review by the authors highlighted the potential negative impact of salt and fasting on gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort; hence, the potential negative side effects on gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort during the intervention period will be investigated. By studying a hyperhydration protocol, this research will help the population to reduce dehydration during dry fasting. By doing so, it may improve the quality of life during Ramadan fasting.
Dry fasting has been reported to cause changes in body weight, lipid profile, blood pressure, glucose level, metabolism, hormones homeostasis, and hydration status. A scoping review by the investigators highlighted that dehydration had been linked to changes in plasma volume and osmolality (concentration of all chemical particles), urine volume and osmolality, blood pressure, glucocorticoid hormones, body weight loss, negative impact on mood, irritability, short-term memory, and work productivity. It has been reported that prolonged dry fasting can contribute to a loss of up to 1.5 kg in body weight on the day after fasting. This weight loss is associated with loss of body water. Hyperhydration (overhydration) has not yet been defined. However, any improvement in the fluid matrix in the plasma volume is considered hyperhydration. Simulating hyperhydration strategies, such as those used by athletes competing in long-distance events and in hot environments, has the potential to reduce the level of dehydration during dry fasting. Sodium and water intake have essential roles in maintaining and improving the fluid matrix in plasma. By investigating the relationship between sodium and water intake on biomarkers such as urine sodium concentration, blood pressure, speed of urine production, urine colour, urine specific gravity, and net body fluid balance, it is possible to distinguish the impact of hyperhydration protocols on hydration levels. The primary aim of this study is to examine the impact of salt intake (6 \& 9 g/l) on the level of hydration by measuring urine sodium, urine potassium, urine production, and changes in body weight compared to the control group during 8 hours of dry fasting. The secondary outcome of this study will be the impact of the hyperhydration protocol on GI discomfort.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
23
Placebo group taking a breakfast meal and 3g salt on tomatoes before fasting for 7 hours
Intervention group taking a breakfast meal and 6g salt on tomatoes plus 1 L water before fasting for 7 hours
Intervention group taking a breakfast meal and 9g salt on tomatoes plus 1 L water before fasting for 7 hours
Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health
Oxford, United Kingdom
Total urine production baseline
Volume of urine produced at baseline
Time frame: 0 hour
Total urine production 1 hour
Volume of urine produced at 1 hour after starting fasting
Time frame: 1 hour
Total urine production 2 hours
Volume of urine produced at at 2 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 2 hours
Total urine production 3 hours
Volume of urine produced at at 3 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 3 hours
Total urine production 4 hours
Volume of urine produced at at 4 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 4 hours
Total urine production 5 hours
Volume of urine produced at at 5 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 5 hours
Total urine production 6 hours
Volume of urine produced at at 6 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 6 hours
Total urine production 7 hours
Volume of urine produced at at 7 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 7 hours
Body weight baseline
Body weight at baseline before fasting
Time frame: 0 hours
Body weight 1 hour
Body weight at 1 hour after starting fasting
Time frame: 1 hour
Body weight 2 hours
Body weight at 2 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 2 hours
Body weight 3 hours
Body weight at 3 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 3 hours
Body weight 4 hours
Body weight at 4 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 4 hours
Body weight 5 hours
Body weight at 5 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 5 hours
Body weight 6 hours
Body weight at 6 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 6 hours
Body weight 7 hours
Body weight at 7 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 7 hours
Urinary sodium baseline
Urinary sodium at baseline before starting fasting
Time frame: 0 hours
Urinary sodium 1 hour
Urinary sodium at 1 hour after starting fasting
Time frame: 1 hour
Urinary sodium 2 hours
Urinary sodium at 2 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 2 hours
Urinary sodium 3 hours
Urinary sodium at 3 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 3 hours
Urinary sodium 4 hours
Urinary sodium at 4 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 4 hours
Urinary sodium 5 hours
Urinary sodium at 5 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 5 hours
Urinary sodium 6 hours
Urinary sodium at 6 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 6 hours
Urinary sodium 7 hours
Urinary sodium at 7 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 7 hours
Urinary potassium baseline
Urinary potassium at baseline before starting fasting
Time frame: 0 hours
Urinary potassium 1 hour
Urinary potassium at 1 hour after starting fasting
Time frame: 1 hour
Urinary potassium 2 hours
Urinary potassium at 2 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 2 hours
Urinary potassium 3 hours
Urinary potassium at 3 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 3 hours
Urinary potassium 4 hours
Urinary potassium at 4 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 4 hours
Urinary potassium 5 hours
Urinary potassium at 5 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 5 hours
Urinary potassium 6 hours
Urinary potassium at 6 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 6 hours
Urinary potassium 7 hours
Urinary potassium at 7 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 7 hours
Urine colour baseline
Urine colour at baseline before starting fasting
Time frame: 0 hours
Urine colour 1 hour
Urine colour at 1 hour after starting fasting
Time frame: 1 hour
Urine colour 2 hours
Urine colour at 2 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 2 hours
Urine colour 3 hours
Urine colour at 3 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 3 hours
Urine colour 4 hours
Urine colour at 4 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 4 hours
Urine colour 5 hours
Urine colour at 5 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 5 hours
Urine colour 6 hours
Urine colour at 6 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 6 hours
Urine colour 7 hours
Urine colour at 7 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 7 hours
Urine specific gravity baseline
Urine specific gravity at baseline before starting fasting
Time frame: 0 hours
Urine specific gravity 1 hour
Urine specific gravity at 1 hour after starting fasting
Time frame: 1 hour
Urine specific gravity 2 hours
Urine specific gravity at 2 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 2 hours
Urine specific gravity 3 hours
Urine specific gravity at 3 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 3 hours
Urine specific gravity 4 hours
Urine specific gravity at 4 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 4 hours
Urine specific gravity 5 hours
Urine specific gravity at 5 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 5 hours
Urine specific gravity 6 hours
Urine specific gravity at 6 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 6 hours
Urine specific gravity 7 hours
Urine specific gravity at 7 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 7 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort baseline
Gastrointestinal discomfort at baseline before starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
Time frame: 0 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort 1 hour
Gastrointestinal discomfort at 1 hour after starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
Time frame: 1 hour
Gastrointestinal discomfort 2 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort at 2 hours after starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Time frame: 2 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort 3 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort at 3 hours after starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
Time frame: 3 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort 4 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort at 4 hours after starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
Time frame: 4 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort 5 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort at 5 hours after starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
Time frame: 5 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort 6 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort at 6 hours after starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
Time frame: 6 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort 7 hours
Gastrointestinal discomfort at 7 hours after starting fasting using a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire to measure 1.Abdominal pain 2.Epigastric pain (pain or discomfort right below your ribs in the area of your upper abdomen) 3. Heartburn 4. Regurgitation 5. Abdominal rumbling 6. Bloating 7. Empty feeling 8. Nausea 9. Vomiting 10. Loss of appetite 11. Postprandial fullness (an unpleasant sensation like prolonged persistence of food in the stomach) 12. belching (otherwise known as burping or eructation) 13. Flatulence (buildup of gas in the digestive system that can lead to abdominal discomfort) on a 7 point scale labelled 0 for none, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, 3 for quite a lot, 4 for severe, 5 for very severe, 6 for unbearable. Higher scores mean worst outcome.
Time frame: 7 hours
Blood Pressure baseline
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at baseline before starting fasting
Time frame: 0 hours
Blood Pressure 1 hour
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at 1 hour after starting fasting
Time frame: 1 hour
Blood Pressure 2 hours
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at 2 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 2 hours
Blood Pressure 3 hours
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at 3 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 3 hours
Blood Pressure 4 hours
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at 4 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 4 hours
Blood Pressure 5 hours
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at 5 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 5 hours
Blood Pressure 6 hours
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at 6 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 6 hours
Blood Pressure 7 hours
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at 7 hours after starting fasting
Time frame: 7 hours
Perception of thirst at baseline
Perception of thirst at baseline before starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 0 hours
Perception of thirst at 1 hour
Perception of thirst at 1 hour after starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 1 hour
Perception of thirst at 2 hours
Perception of thirst at 2 hours after starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 2 hours
Perception of thirst at 3 hours
Perception of thirst at 3 hours after starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 3 hours
Perception of thirst at 4 hours
Perception of thirst at 4 hours after starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 4 hours
Perception of thirst at 5 hours
Perception of thirst at 5 hours after starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 5 hours
Perception of thirst at 6 hours
Perception of thirst at 6 hours after starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 6 hours
Perception of thirst at 7 hours
Perception of thirst at 7 hours after starting fasting using a 7 point scale labelled as 1=not thirsty at all, 2=not thirsty, 3=not very thirsty, 4=neutral, 5=thirsty, 6=very thirsty and 7=very, very thirsty.
Time frame: 7 hours