This trial will test the relative effects of three parent-intervention components to reduce emerging anxiety problems in children aged 7-11. The components are: reducing family accommodation (Component A), increasing empathetic reactions to children's anxiety (Component B), and cognitive restructuring to reduce maladaptive parental thoughts about children's anxiety (Component C). The components were selected based on their distinct theoretical backgrounds and their frequent use in existing intervention programs. The investigators will use a full factorial experiment with all possible combinations and orders of components. The study period will be twelve weeks with five points of data-collection: T0 (baseline), T2 (two weeks post baseline, immediately after the first component), T4 (four weeks post baseline, immediately after the second component), T6 (six weeks post baseline, immediately after the third component) and T12 (12 weeks post baseline, follow-up). Our overarching research questions are: * How effective are Component A, B, and C in reducing children's anxiety symptoms? The effects of the components will be compared with each other, and with a control condition. This will be investigated both from T0 to T2 (i.e., effects of the individual components) and from T0 to T6 and T0 to T12 (i.e., effects of the components controlled for the presence of other components). * How effective are the components in reducing children's life impairment? The effects of the components will be compared with each other, and with a control condition. * Are effects of the components on children's anxiety mediated by changes in the parental risk factors that they target? (i.e., family accommodation for Component A, empathetic reactions for Component B, and parental maladaptive beliefs about child anxiety for Component C) * Is there a dose-response effect such that children whose parents received more intervention components benefit more in terms of reduced anxiety symptoms in children? * What parent, child, and intervention characteristics moderate the effects of the components on children's anxiety? In addition to basic sociodemographic information, the investigators will collect data on several putative moderators: the extent to which parents see their child as part of themselves (Inclusion of Child in the Self Scale), children's behavioural inhibition (Behavioural Inhibition Questionnaire), therapist alliance (Session Rating Scale), acceptability of the intervention (TEI-SF), other caregiver's use of the intervention components.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
266
All components consist of one online therapist-led session, and 14 daily assignments. In the online session, parents watch an animation clip explaining the technique, and parents perform an exercise guided by the therapist. In the daily assignments, parents reflect on situations in which their child was anxious during the day in which they (could have) applied the technique. If the child was not anxious that day, parents are asked to think about a future or past situation and fill in similar questions. Component A focusses on making parents aware of the process of avoidance in children with anxiety, and helps them to identify situations in which they accommodate to the anxiety of their children. Subsequently, a first step that parents can take to reduce accommodation is discussed.
All components consist of one online therapist-led session, and 14 daily assignments. In the online session, parents watch an animation clip explaining the technique, and parents perform an exercise guided by the therapist. In the daily assignments, parents reflect on situations in which their child was anxious during the day in which they (could have) applied the technique. If the child was not anxious that day, parents are asked to think about a future or past situation and fill in similar questions. Component B tries to increase parents empathetic reactions to their anxious child. This is done by teaching parents to label the emotion of their children, empathize with the emotion, and communicate confidence in the abilities of their child to face the situation.
All components consist of one online therapist-led session, and 14 daily assignments. In the online session, parents watch an animation clip explaining the technique, and parents perform an exercise guided by the therapist. In the daily assignments, parents reflect on situations in which their child was anxious during the day in which they (could have) applied the technique. If the child was not anxious that day, parents are asked to think about a future or past situation and fill in similar questions. Component C consists of cognitive restructuring of parental maladaptive cognitions concerning their child's anxiety. Parents are taught to recognize their own cognitions about the anxiety of their child, challenge this thought and come up with an alternative, helpful thought.
Child Anxiety
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-NL Parent-version (71 item version but we omitted OCD and PTSS scale and used the remaining 58 items). Higher scores indicate higher anxiety.
Time frame: Baseline (T0)
Child Anxiety
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-NL Parent-version (71 item version but we omitted OCD and PTSS scale and used the remaining 58 items). Higher scores indicate higher anxiety.
Time frame: Two weeks after baseline (T2)
Child Anxiety
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-NL Parent-version (71 item version but we omitted OCD and PTSS scale and used the remaining 58 items). Higher scores indicate higher anxiety.
Time frame: Four weeks after baseline (T4)
Child Anxiety
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-NL Parent-version (71 item version but we omitted OCD and PTSS scale and used the remaining 58 items). Higher scores indicate higher anxiety.
Time frame: Six weeks after baseline (T6)
Child Anxiety
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-NL Parent-version (71 item version but we omitted OCD and PTSS scale and used the remaining 58 items). Higher scores indicate higher anxiety.
Time frame: Twelve weeks after baseline (T12, follow-up)
Child Life impairment
Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale . Higher scores indicate more life interference.
Time frame: Baseline (T0)
Child Life impairment
Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale. Higher scores indicate more life interference.
Time frame: Two weeks after baseline (T2)
Child Life impairment
Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale. Higher scores indicate more life interference.
Time frame: Four weeks after baseline (T4)
Child Life impairment
Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale. Higher scores indicate more life interference.
Time frame: Six weeks after baseline (T6)
Child Life impairment
Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale. Higher scores indicate more life interference.
Time frame: Twelve weeks after baseline (T12, follow-up)
Family Accommodation
Family Accommodation Scale - Anxiety. Higher scores indicate more family accommodation.
Time frame: Baseline (T0)
Family Accommodation
Family Accommodation Scale - Anxiety. Higher scores indicate more family accommodation.
Time frame: Two weeks after baseline (T2)
Family Accommodation
Family Accommodation Scale - Anxiety. Higher scores indicate more family accommodation.
Time frame: Four weeks after baseline (T4)
Family Accommodation
Family Accommodation Scale - Anxiety. Higher scores indicate more family accommodation.
Time frame: Six weeks after baseline (T6)
Family Accommodation
Family Accommodation Scale - Anxiety. Higher scores indicate more family accommodation.
Time frame: Twelve weeks after baseline (T12, follow-up)
Parental Empathetic Reactions to Child Anxiety
Questionnaire loosely based on the Empathy Formative Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more empathy.
Time frame: Baseline (T0)
Parental Empathetic Reactions to Child Anxiety
Questionnaire loosely based on the Empathy Formative Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more empathy.
Time frame: Two weeks after baseline (T2)
Parental Empathetic Reactions to Child Anxiety
Questionnaire loosely based on the Empathy Formative Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more empathy.
Time frame: Four weeks after baseline (T4)
Parental Empathetic Reactions to Child Anxiety
Questionnaire loosely based on the Empathy Formative Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more empathy.
Time frame: Six weeks after baseline (T6)
Parental Empathetic Reactions to Child Anxiety
Questionnaire loosely based on the Empathy Formative Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more empathy.
Time frame: Twelve weeks after baseline (T12, follow-up)
Parental Cognitions about Child Anxiety
Parental Beliefs About Anxiety Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more maladaptive cognitions.
Time frame: Baseline (T0)
Parental Cognitions about Child Anxiety
Parental Beliefs About Anxiety Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more maladaptive cognitions.
Time frame: Two weeks after baseline (T2)
Parental Cognitions about Child Anxiety
Parental Beliefs About Anxiety Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more maladaptive cognitions.
Time frame: Four weeks after baseline (T4)
Parental Cognitions about Child Anxiety
Parental Beliefs About Anxiety Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more maladaptive cognitions.
Time frame: Six weeks after baseline (T6)
Parental Cognitions about Child Anxiety
Parental Beliefs About Anxiety Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate more maladaptive cognitions.
Time frame: Twelve weeks after baseline (T12, follow-up)
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