The goal of this feasibility study is to investigate the feasibility of a personalized naturalistic Virtual Reality scenario by assessing motion-sickness effects, engagement, pleasantness, and emotions felt considering a sample of individuals with cognitive impairment resident at the Azienda Pubblica di Servizi alla Persona (APSP) "Margherita Grazioli", a long-term care home in Trento (Italy) in collaboration with the Department of General Psychology - University of Padova (Italy) and the Centre for Health and Wellbeing-Fondazione Bruno Kessler (Italy). The current proof-of-concept and feasibility study is a one-session single-centre trial based on a mixed-methods approach inspired by the Obesity-Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) framework for the design (Phase Ib) of digital interventions and their preliminary testing (Phase IIa).
The impact of customizing VR scenarios is growing, showing different kinds of positive effects, such as an increased sense of presence and engagement in the virtual environment. A relaxing and customizable VR environment could allow the management of any interfering environmental factors that might also be present in the natural context. Additional investigations are still needed to obtain more consistent data on its feasibility and effectiveness. Considering this evidence, the current proof-of-concept study is based on the following goals: * evaluate the impact of VR on self-reported and observational levels of motion-sickness, engagement, and pleasantness in older adults living with cognitive impairment and residing in long-term care. * investigate if personalized, relaxing virtual environments can positively impact feelings and state anxiety. * investigate the VR apparatus's usability from the health staff's perspective.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
23
Exposure to a personalized, relaxing Virtual Reality scenario deployed by a Head-mounted tool (Oculus Quest 2). The administration was deployed in one session.
University of Padova
Padua, PD, Italy
Azienda Pubblica di Servizi alla Persona (APSP) "Margherita Grazioli"
Trento, TN, Italy
Assessing the general and eye-related physical symptoms of exposure to a virtual reality environment.
To assess these symptoms, the Virtual Reality Symptom Questionnaire (VRSQ) was used. The score assigned to each item ranges from 0 to 6, with a maximum total score of 84 (48 for general symptoms and 36 for eye symptoms). Higher scores represent worse symptoms, with 0 corresponding to no adverse effects, and 84 to serious adverse effects.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
VR experience tolerability estimated based on the frequency of time spent in the VR context.
The VR experience tolerability was estimated based on the frequency of time spent in the VR context.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
Usability of the VR apparatus
The usability has been investigated by a measure developed and described by Appel et al. (2020) composed of both self-reported questions and other queries that the experimenter answered by observing the participant's behavior during the experience and characterized by a series of items based on a 5 points Likert scale (Questions about Level of interest, awareness, engagement, and enjoyment observed: 1="very much", 5="not at all"; min. score=5 and max. score=25; higher scores mean a worse outcome. Questions on other information in relation to the VR experience: 1= "strongly disagree", 5= "strongly agree"; min. score=17 and max. score=85; higher scores mean a better outcome), and six open-ended questions focalized in obtaining additional information, where possible, about: 1) what participants liked best and least; 2) what participants would like to see; 3) if participants would like to repeat the experience; 4) if participants would recommend the experience to a friend.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
Change from before and after the one-shot VR session in the relaxation using the modified version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y1 (STAI-Y1).
The modified version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y1 (STAI-Y1), inspired by Appel et al.16,17, was administered in this study to obtain information on the state-anxiety level experienced before and after the VR session. The scale was administered as an interview based on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a lot); min. score=15; max. score=75. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
Change from before and after the one-shot VR session in emotions felt using the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS).
The Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS) was adapted from the original version of Lawton et al.41 and used as an observation tool to assess the presence and frequency of negative emotions (fear, anxiety, anger, and sadness) and positive (pleasure) feelings experienced during the session based on a scale from 1 to 5 (1: "undetected emotion"; 2: "emotion observed for less than 16 seconds"; 3: "emotion observed for 16-59 seconds"; 4: "emotion observed for 1-5 minutes"; 5: "emotion observed for more than 5 minutes").
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
Feedback about the perceived quality rating of the VR set-up deployed from health care staff
To obtain information from health professionals about the perceived quality rating of the VR set-up deployed, the Adapting-Mobile App Rating Scale (A-MARS)-Subjective Quality Scale was filled in by operators who participated during the VR sessions. The administration was performed at the end of the administration of the experimental procedure. (Likert scale from 1 to 5; min.score=4 and max.score=25; higher scores mean a better outcome).
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
Feedback about usability from health care staff
To obtain information from health professionals about usability of the VR set-up deployed, the System Usability Scale (SUS) was filled in by operators who participated during the VR sessions. The administration was performed after the administration of the experimental procedure. The SUS consists of a 10 item questionnaire on a 5-points Likert scale (1: Strongly agree; 5: Strongly disagree). The score for each question is converted to a new number, added together and then multiplied by 2.5 to convert the original scores of 0-40 to 0-100. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
Feedback about acceptability from health care staff
To obtain information from health professionals about acceptability, at the end of the experimental phase, a focus group was conducted with the health professionals that assisted users during the VR experience. Issues discussed during the focus group were the strengths and weaknesses associated with using virtual reality, the future perspectives, and the risks associated with using virtual reality with users affected by cognitive impairment.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 6 months
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