The Effect of Time-Restricted Eating in Cardiometabolic Health

Inclusion Criteria: * must be able to grant voluntary informed consent and comply with the study instructions * aged 25-75 years * men and women * body mass index 27-45 kg/m2 * fasting plasma glucose 5.6-6.9 mmol/L, or 2h oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose 7.8-11.1 mmol/L or haemoglobin A1C 39-46 mmol/mol or homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score ≥2.73 * self-reported habitual eating period ≥ 13 h per day Exclusion Criteria: * shift worker * fasting \>12 h/day more than once a week * vegan * \> once a week no food intake after \~1800 h * habitually waking up before \~0400 h and sleeping before \~2100 h * unstable weight (\>5% change the last 2 months) * Clinical diagnosis of type 1 or 2 diabetes * Clinical diagnosis of sleep disorder * Clinical diagnosis of eating disorder * Clinical diagnosis of cancer in last 5 years * conditions that render subject unable to complete all testing procedures (including individuals with known allergies or contraindications to the medications used in this study) * use of medications that affect the study outcome measures or increase the risk of study procedures and that cannot be temporarily discontinued (e.g., steroids, alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers or agonists, etc.) * smoking and illegal drug use * pregnant or lactating * gastrointestinal or bariatric surgery (except cholecystectomy and appendectomy) * individuals with electromedical devises * prisoners * alcohol abuse