A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Luspatercept for the Treatment of Transfusion-dependent (TD) Anemia Associated With Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) & Beta-thalassemia (β-Thal) in India

Inclusion Criteria: β-Thalassemia Cohort * Documented diagnosis of β-thalassemia or hemoglobin (Hb E/β-thalassemia). (β-thalassemia with mutation and/or multiplication of alpha \[α\] globin is allowed). * Regularly transfused, defined as 6 RBC units to 20 RBC units in the 24 weeks prior to enrollment and no transfusion-free period for \> 35 days during that period. MDS-RS Cohort \- Participant has documented diagnosis of MDS according to World Health Organization (WHO) (2016)/French-American-British FAB classification that meets revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) classification of very low, low, or intermediate risk disease and the following criteria: i) RS ≥ 15% of erythroid precursors in bone marrow. If the SF3B1 mutation is present, RS ≥ 5% will be included. ii) Less than 5% blasts in bone marrow and \< 1% peripheral blood blasts. iii) Peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) count \< 13,000/ microliters (μL). * If the participant was previously treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), both agents must have been discontinued ≥ 4 weeks prior to the date of enrollment. Exclusion Criteria: β-Thalassemia Cohort * A diagnosis of Hb S/β-thalassemia or α-thalassemia (for exampe, Hemoglobin H). * Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or stroke requiring medical intervention ≤ 24 weeks prior to enrollment. * Use of chronic anticoagulant therapy is excluded unless the treatment stopped at least 28 days prior to enrollment. Anticoagulant therapies used for prophylaxis for surgery or high-risk procedures as well as low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparin for superficial venous thrombosis and chronic aspirin are allowed. * Cytotoxic agents or immunosuppressants or immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) ≤ 28 days prior to enrollment (ie, antithymocite globulin or cyclosporine or thalidomide). MDS-RS Cohort * MDS associated with del 5q cytogenetic abnormality. * Secondary MDS, that is, MDS that is known to have arisen as the result of chemical injury or treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation for other diseases. * Participant has known clinically significant anemia due to iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies; autoimmune or hereditary hemolytic anemia; or gastrointestinal bleeding. * Iron deficiency to be determined by serum ferritin ≤ 15 micrograms per liter (μg/L) and additional testing if clinically indicated (for example, calculated transferrin saturation \[iron/total iron binding capacity ≤ 20%\] or bone marrow aspirate \[BMA\] stain for iron).