This is a observational study, that aimed to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia using European Wording Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) algorithm in a general elderly population in Algarve region (Portugal). Because muscle is metabolically active tissue, sarcopenia may also contribute to the development of some of the metabolic disorders associated with aging. However, the risk factors associated with sarcopenia are poorly understood. Thus, a cross-sectional survey of a sample of 274 elderly adults aged 60 or over, were included in the study. Correlations of sarcopenia with functional level, lipid and glycemic profile, nutritional and physical activity level, fall risk, quality of life, and self-reported comorbidities will be studied.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
274
The prevalence of sarcopenia in a group of elderly people and its correlation with other health variables was determined.
Marta Botelho
Faro, Algarve, Portugal
Prevalence of Sarcopenia in elderly population
Determine the prevalence of sarcopenia using European Wording Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) algorithm in a general elderly population in Algarve region.
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Quality of life in elderly population
Quality of life was assessed at one time point only (due to the nature of the cross-sectional study design) using the subscore and total score of Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey instrument. Instrument scores can range between 0 - 100. Higher values mean better self-perception of quality of life.
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Cognitive Assessment
Cognitive Assessment was assessed by the instrument Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Instrument with a maximum score of 30 points, where higher scores mean better cognitive performance.
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Body mass index (kg/m2) - body composition
Body mass index (kg/m2) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Fat Mass (kg and %) - body composition
Fat Mass (kg and %) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Fat-Free Mass (kg and %) - body composition
Fat-Free Mass (kg and %) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Fat Mass Index (kg/m2) - body composition
Fat Mass Index (kg/m2) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Fat-Free Mass Index (kg/m2) - body composition
Fat-Free Mass Index (kg/m2) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Muscle Mass Index (kg/m2) - body composition
Muscle Mass Index (kg/m2) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Total body water (L and %) - body composition
Total body water (L and %) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Resistence (Ohms) - body composition
Resistence (Ohms) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Reactance (Ohms) - body composition
Reactance (Ohms) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Phase angle (angle) - body composition
Phase angle was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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Visceral fat (L) - body composition
Visceral fat (L) was measured using the bioimpedance technique.
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High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dL) - Lipid Profile
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dL) was measured taking a sample blood which was analysed by the COBAS b 101 system.
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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mg/dL) - Lipid Profile
Low-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dL) was measured taking a sample blood which was analysed by the COBAS b 101 system.
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Triglycerides (mg/dL) - Lipid Profile
Triglycerides (mg/dL) was measured taking a sample blood which was analysed by the COBAS b 101 system.
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Total cholesterol (mg/dL) - Lipid Profile
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) was measured taking a sample blood which was analysed by the COBAS b 101 system.
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Glicemic Profile in elderly
Glicemic Profile was measured by COBAS b 101 system, taking a sample blood which was analysed for Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c).
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Inflammatory levels in elderly population
Inflammatory levels was measured by COBAS b 101 system, taking a sample blood which was analysed for C-reactive protein - CRP.
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Nutritional level in elderly population
Nutrional level was assessed at one time point only (due to the nature of the cross-sectional study design) using a questionnaire Mini Nutritional Assessment. Instrument scores can range between 0 - 30. The cutoff points used were: 0-7 points - malnourished; 8-11 points - at risk of malnutrition; 12-24 points - normal nutritional status.
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Postural Stability in elderly population
Postural stability was assessed by a force platform using the length displacement of center of pressure.
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Peak Torque (N/m) of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles
Peak Torque of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles was measured by afixed dynamometer with concentric/concentric action at an angular velocity of 60º per second for 5 repetitions of extension and flexion of each knee.
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Work (N/m) of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles
Work of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles was measured by afixed dynamometer with concentric/concentric action at an angular velocity of 60º per second for 5 repetitions of extension and flexion of each knee.
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Power (N/m) of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles
Power of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles was measured by afixed dynamometer with concentric/concentric action at an angular velocity of 60º per second for 5 repetitions of extension and flexion of each knee.
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Peak torque time (s) of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles
Peak torque time of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles was measured by afixed dynamometer with concentric/concentric action at an angular velocity of 60º per second for 5 repetitions of extension and flexion of each knee.
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Force (kg) of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles
Force of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles was measured by afixed dynamometer with concentric/concentric action at an angular velocity of 60º per second for 5 repetitions of extension and flexion of each knee.
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Time up and Go (TUG) test - Fall risk in elderly population
TUG test measures (in seconds) the time a person needs to rise from a chair with armrests, to walk the distance of 3 m with usual assistive devices, if necessary, turn, return to the chair, and sit down. TUG test is a composite measure of functional mobility. It includes transfer tasks (standing up and sitting down), walking, and turning, thus incorporating neuromuscular components such as power, agility, and balance. Faster test completion signals better dexterity and functional state, whereas the score of ≥13.5 was used as a cut-off point to identify the elderly individuals who are at risk for falls in community dwelling.
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Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES) - Fall risk in elderly population
The Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES) consists of 14 items to be subjectively evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5 in terms of confidence in the ability of a person to perform daily indoor and outdoor activities without falling. Higher values represent less risk of falling.
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Physical Activity level in elderly population
Physical activity level was assessed at one time point only (due to the nature of the cross-sectional study design) using the questionnaire PASE - Physical Activity Scale for Elderly. The PASE measures the level of self-reported physical activity in individuals aged 65 years or older and is comprised of items regarding occupational, household, and leisure activities during the previous 7-day period. It was used frequency, duration, and intensity level of activity over the previous week to assign a score, ranging from 0 to 793, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity.
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Pain associated with osteoarthritis
Pain associated with osteoarthritis was mesured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC Index) - subscore pain. This instrument is widely used in the evaluation of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis. It is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain (5 items), Stiffness (2 items), and Physical Function (17 items). The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4, which correspond to: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3), and Extreme (4). The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function. Higher scores indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.
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Stiffness associated with osteoarthritis
Pain associated with osteoarthritis was mesured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC Index) - subscore pain. This instrument is widely used in the evaluation of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis. It is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain (5 items), Stiffness (2 items), and Physical Function (17 items). The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4, which correspond to: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3), and Extreme (4). The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function. Higher scores indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.
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Physical Function associated with osteoarthritis
Pain associated with osteoarthritis was mesured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC Index) - subscore pain. This instrument is widely used in the evaluation of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis. It is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain (5 items), Stiffness (2 items), and Physical Function (17 items). The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4, which correspond to: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3), and Extreme (4). The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function. Higher scores indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.
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Functional Level of Lower Limbs
To assess the functionality of the lower limbs, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) instrument was applied. The lower extremity functional scale is a valid patient-rated outcome measure for the measurement of lower extremity function. The score can vary between 0 and 80, with higher values representing better functionality.
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Handgrip strength (HGS)
HGS was measured with the handgrip Dynamometer Lafayette Digital 5030D1 in both upper limbs.
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Identifies the concerns and priorities of older people
Following the World Health Organisation, the "Integrated care for older people" (ICOPE) guidelines, each assessment with Age Care Technologies (ACT) Assessment generates a report which lists identifies concerns and priorities for action, together with several summary scores to measure needs, risks and outcomes, including: Quality of life, Falls risk, Vision, Hearing, Activities of Daily Living, Nutrition, Locomotor, Oral Health, Accommodation, Finances, Cognition, Depression, Loneliness, Social participation, and Violence against older people.
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