The goal of this evaluation study is to evaluate the KickAsh! intervention, an intervention aiming to prevent smoking initiation in adolescents living in vulnerable socioeconomic situations. This intervention will be implemented in youth social work organisation that offer sport and/or recreational activities for these adolescents. Youth workers will act as implementers of the intervention. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the intervention, whether it does or does not produce change in the smoking initiation behaviour of adolescents (= effect evaluation). Secondly, the study aims to evaluate the implementation process to generate more understanding concerning why the intervention does or does not produces change. Therefore, it will be investigated how the intervention was implemented, what exactly was implemented, in which context the intervention was implemented... (= process evaluation) For the effect evaluation adolescents will be asked to fill in a questionaire at three time points. For the process evaluations interviews and focus groups will be organised with the adolescents and youth workers respectively. Two groups will participate to this study: one group existing of organisations where the intervention will be implemented (=intervention group), and one group where the intervention will not be implemented (= control group).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
720
The general aim of the KickAsh! intervention is to prevent smoking initiation in adolescents living in vulnerable socioeconomic situations. The intervention exists of different components concerning smoking prevention. Most components have a direct influence on smoking initiation by affecting several determinants of the adolescents. These components include smoke-free games, mood boards, a smoke-free camp, the Kick some Ash!-challenge and exercises concerning self-efficacy and skills. Yet, some of the components target adolescents by influencing their environment, i.e. smoking policy in the organisation and youth workers as role models. All components are developed using a combination of theoretical methods to change or influence these determinants or environmental factors.
University Ghent
Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
University Ghent
Ghent, Belgium
Change in smoking initiation behaviour at 3 months
Smoking initiation will be measured following MUSICA: the Model of Unplanned Smoking Initiation of Children and Adolescents. In addition, two questions will be asked concerning smoking frequency in the past month and in adolescents life. Smoking onset age and smoking intention in the following year an d the future are also questioned.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
Change in smoking initiation behaviour at 6 months follow-up
Smoking initiation will be measured following MUSICA: the Model of Unplanned Smoking Initiation of Children and Adolescents. In addition, two questions will be asked concerning smoking frequency in the past month and in adolescents life. Smoking onset age and smoking intention in the following year an d the future are also questioned.
Time frame: From end of intervention implementation to follow-up measurement after 6 months
Change in attitude towards smoking at 3 months
8 items will be assessed: 4 items for cognitive and 4 items for emotional (dis)advantages of smoking. Adolescents will have to answer using a five-point likert scale.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
Change in attitude towards smoking at 6 months follow-up
8 items will be assessed: 4 items for cognitive and 4 items for emotional (dis)advantages of smoking. Adolescents will have to answer using a five-point likert scale.
Time frame: From end of intervention implementation to follow-up measurement after 6 months
Change in self-efficacy concerning smoking at 3 months
Self-efficacy will be measured via 6 questions measuring the ability to resist smoking in several situations (5-point likert scale). These questions will be linked to 6 coping plan items.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
Change in self-efficacy concerning smoking at 6 months follow-up
Self-efficacy will be measured via 6 questions measuring the ability to resist smoking in several situations (5-point likert scale). These questions will be linked to 6 coping plan items.
Time frame: From end of intervention implementation to follow-up measurement after 6 months
Change in social influence concerning smoking at 3 months
Social influence will be measured by assessing perceived social norm (7 questions determining the perceptions of important people in the adolescent's environment) and social pressure (7 items determining the pressure felt by adolescents by the same important people). Both via a 5-point likert scale.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
Change in social influence concerning smoking at 6 months follow-up
Social influence will be measured by assessing perceived social norm (7 questions determining the perceptions of important people in the adolescent's environment) and social pressure (7 items determining the pressure felt by adolescents by the same important people). Both via a 5-point likert scale.
Time frame: From end of intervention implementation to follow-up measurement after 6 months
Impact of context on study effects during implementation
Context of the youth social work organisations will be analysed through interviews and focus groups with respectively adolescents and youth workers.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
Mechanisms of impact concerning the delivered intervention
Mechanisms of impact will be analysed through interviews and focus groups with respectively adolescents and youth workers.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
Impact of implementation process on the delivered intervention
Implementation process (how was it delivered, feasibility, barriers and facilitators...) will be analysed through interviews and focus groups with respectively adolescents and youth workers.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
Impact of delivered intervention on the study effects
What is delivered (fidelity, reach, dose, adaptations) will be analysed through interviews and focus groups with respectively adolescents and youth workers.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention implementation at 3 months
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