This study investigated the short-term effects of fruit juice enriched with vitamin D3, n-3 fatty acids, and probiotics on subjective appetite, energy intake, and glycemic responses, in both normal-weight and overweight, healthy adults.
This study aimed to 1. Assess the subjective appetite of participants after the consumption of fruit juice (100% orange) enriched with vitamin D3, n-3 fatty acids, and probiotics compared to regular fruit juice (without any fortification), and 2. Examine the short-term effects of enriched fruit juice compared to regular fruit juice on glycemic responses and blood pressure, in both normal-weight and overweight healthy adults
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
50
Twenty-three healthy adults with normal weight and twenty-three healthy adults with overweight consumed a standardized breakfast consisting of 2 slices of white bread and honey (350 kcal in total) after a 12-hour fast. Two hours later they were offered 347 mL of the enriched orange juice (containing 50 g available carbohydrates), and 3 hours after the preload they were offered an ad libitum lunch (chicken breast with white rice). Foods were weighed at the time of serving and any leftovers were weighed again after lunch to determine the amount of food consumed. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples and visual analog scales (VAS) of 100 mm were collected at baseline and at 60, 120, 135, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, and 420 minutes after breakfast consumption. Blood pressure was measured at baseline, 120, 300, and 420 minutes.
Agricultural University of Athens
Athens, Attica, Greece
Subjective appetite rating
Useful change in subjective appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS). Participants rated their hunger, desire to eat, perceived fullness, thirst, preoccupation with food, pleasure of eating the consumed test food, and thirst, after eating on a horizontal line VAS, with a line length of 100 mm and width of 3 desktop publishing points, that was black, had flat line endpoints, had an ascending numerical order of scale endpoints \[i.e., "0" and "10", for example neither hungry (0 mm), full (100 mm) or have desire for food in the middle (50 mm)\], and used "0" and "100" as numerical anchors below the left and right endpoints, respectively.
Time frame: 7 hours
Energy intake after preload and the next 24 hours
Clinically significant difference in energy intake (ad libitum lunch) two hours after the two different preloads consumption, as well as the next 24 hours after the intervention (actual weighing of foods consumed and leftovers, and 24-hour recall).
Time frame: 24 hours
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