The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effect of dual-task performance on motor and cognitive functions and to determine the effect of dual-task exercises given together with the pulmonary rehabilitation program on cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal parameters in COPD. The main question\[s\]it aims to answer are: * Is dual-task performance in individuals with COPD different from healthy individuals? * Are dual-task exercises affect cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal parameters in individuals with COPD? Patients will be randomly divided into 2 groups (Pulmonary Rehabilitation Group, Dual Task Exercises Group). 8-week exercise program will include pulmonary rehabilitation and dual-task exercise group will do their walking and cycling exercises as dual task with another cognitive exercise. Researchers also will compare (Pulmonary Rehabilitation Group, Dual Task Exercises Group) to see if there is a difference in cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal parameters. Researchers also will compare \[COPD patients and Healthy Controls\] to see if there is a difference in dual-task performance.
Central nervous system dysfunction is an extrapulmonary complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Brain functions, particularly frontal lobe functions, have been shown to be impaired as a result of COPD. Studies have shown that patients with COPD have impaired ability to perform complex multitasking, such as driving or walking, along with a cognitive task. It has also been reported that the time to complete a functional test with a cognitive task is prolonged in patients with COPD. For many activities of daily life, it is very important to perform multiple tasks at the same time (such as maintaining balance with a cognitive task) in patients with COPD. Studies evaluating dual-task performance in COPD patients are limited. Since this is an important clinical issue, the reversibility of this situation should also be investigated. In addition, considering the positive effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on cognitive functions such as planning, selective attention and verbal memory, additional dual-task exercises may be an appropriate treatment method and increase the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation and the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dual-task performance on motor and cognitive functions in COPD and to determine the effect of dual-task exercises given together with the pulmonary rehabilitation program on cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal parameters. The research will be carried out at the University of Health Sciences Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital between June 2023 and November 2024. Patients with a diagnosis of COPD who were admitted to Pulmonary Rehabilitation, met the inclusion criteria, and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study will be included. Demographic information (age, occupation, height, body weight, etc.), clinical status (duration of diagnosis, disease severity), medical conditions, exacerbations and hospitalizations of all participants will be recorded. COPD Assessment Test (CAT) will be administered, and dyspnea evaluation will be made with the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC). Mini-Mental State Examination and Frontal Assessment Battery will be used in the cognitive status evaluation of the patients. For balance evaluation, it will be done with Mini-BESTest: Balance Evaluation Systems Test. Functional balance and mobility assessment will be made with the Timed Up and Go Test and the 10-meter Walk Test, and the tests will be applied twice as both a single task (normal walking) and a dual task (walking and cognitive task). 6 Minute Walk Test will be used in functional capacity evaluation. Quality of life will be assessed with St. George\'s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). In addition, the results of the Pulmonary Function Test performed during the routine controls of the patients will be taken. Patients will be randomly divided into 2 groups (Pulmonary Rehabilitation Group, Dual Task Exercises Group). Evaluations will be repeated at the end of the 8-week exercise program. Dual-task performances of healthy individuals with similar demographic characteristics in COPD patients will be compared. For this, the demographic information of healthy volunteers will be recorded, and the Timed Up and Go Test, which will be done as a dual task and a single task, and the 10-meter Walk Test will be evaluated. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) (SPSS Inc, IBM Corp, Armonk, New York) statistical program will be used in the classification of the data to be obtained in the research, using qualitative and quantitative statistical methods. With the values in the 95% confidence interval, the significance will be evaluated at the p\<0.05 level. In the examination of the variables, appropriate statistical tests will be applied depending on the provision of the parametric test conditions.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
42
Cognitive exercises to be added during walking and balance exercises will be given as a dual task. Cognitive exercises will consist of exercises for memory, executive functions, calculation, information processing speed (reaction time) and working memory areas. Cognitive exercises such as grouping the words given, giving appropriate answers to the simple situations described, simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, and asking the words that the patient is asked to remember before the exercise will be used. Cognitive exercises will be performed simultaneously with walking and balance exercises.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation content; relaxation exercises, stretching exercises, strengthening exercises, walking exercises, cycling exercises, balance exercises. Exercise intensity will be planned as moderate intensity. Walking and cycling exercises will have warm-up and cool-down periods.
University of Health Sciences Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital
Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)
Change in Mini-Mental State Exam Score
Mini-Mental State Exam will be used for cognitive status assessment. Mini-Mental State Exam is evaluated out of a total score of 30. Traditionally, scores between 24 and 30 are considered normal. A score below 24 indicates cognitive impairment. The assessment can be completed in 10 minutes. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. Healthy Controls' assessment will be only at the baseline.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in Frontal Assessment Battery Score
The Frontal Assessment Battery will be used for cognitive status assessment. It has 6 items and each item has a score of 0-3. A higher score means better performance. The assessment can be completed in 15 minutes. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. Healthy Controls' assessment will be only at the baseline.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in dual-task performance with Timed Up and Go Test
Dual-task Assessment will be done with Timed Up and Go Test. While TUG is being performed, the participant initially sits on the chair, gets up from the chair with the start command 3 m. He goes to the marked place ahead, returns, and sits down on the chair again. Patients will be given cognitive tasks during the walking test, while the elapsed time is recorded. The assessment can be completed in 10 minutes. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. Healthy Controls' assessment will be only at the baseline.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in dual-task performance with 10 meter Walk Test
Dual-task Assessment will be done with Timed Up and Go Test and 10 meter Walk Test. For 10-meter Walk Test participants are asked to walk 14m during the test. The first 2 m section of the walkway to be applied is the acceleration section, and the last 2 m section is the deceleration section. Patients will be given cognitive tasks during walking test, while the elapsed time is recorded. The assessment can be completed in 10 minutes. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. Healthy Controls' assessment will be only at the baseline.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in COPD Assessment Test
CAT is an 8-item unidimensional health status assessment in COPD. Its scoring ranges from 0-40. A higher score denotes a more severe impact of COPD on a person's life. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. The assessment can be completed in 5 minutes.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in Dyspnea
Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) Dyspnea Scale will be used.The patient expresses the degree of dyspnea according to a score between 0-4. The mMRC scale is a self-rating tool to measure the degree of disability that breathlessness poses on day-to-day activities on a scale from 0 to 4: 0, no breathlessness except on strenuous exercise; 1, shortness of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill; 2, walks slower than people of same age on the level because of breathlessness or has to stop to catch breath when walking at their own pace on the level; 3, stops for breath after walking ∼100 m or after few minutes on the level; and 4, too breathless to leave the house, or breathless when dressing or undressing. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. The assessment can be completed in 2 minutes.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in Balance
Mini-BESTest: Balance Evaluation Systems Test will be used for assessment. It consists of 4 sub-parameters and a total of 14 items. It is a test that is evaluated over a total of 28 points and requires an average of 10-15 minutes. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in Timed Up and Go Test
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) will be used to assess functional balance and mobility. While TUG is being performed, the participant initially sits on the chair, gets up from the chair with the start command 3 m. He goes to the marked place ahead and comes back, sits down on the chair again, while the elapsed time is recorded. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. The assessment can be completed in 10 minutes.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
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Change in 10-meter Walk
10-meter Walk Test will be used for the assessment of functional balance and mobility. For 10-meter Walk Test participants are asked to walk 14m during the test. The first 2 m section of the walkway to be applied is the acceleration section, and the last 2 m section is the deceleration section. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. The assessment can be completed in 10 minutes.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in Functional Capacity
6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) will be used for functional capacity assessment. 6MWT is a test that measures functional exercise capacity, has high structural validity, and shows a high correlation with exercise performance and physical activity scales. The primary endpoint of the test was the six-minute walking distance (6MWM), which is the total distance the patient walked for six minutes. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. The assessment can be completed in 20 minutes.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program
Change in Quality of Life
Among the tests that measure health-related quality of life, especially St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) is a test specific for respiratory diseases. SGRQ questions 50 items divided into three areas. Lower scores indicate better health. Change from baseline at the end of 8 weeks exercise program will be assessed. The assessment can be completed in 20 minutes.
Time frame: Baseline and the end of the 8 weeks exercise program