The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of group-based multimodal exercise training combined with Otago home-based exercise program on physical performance, balance and social participation in community-dwelling older women. Hypotheses: H0: Group-based multimodal exercise training combined with Otago home-based exercise program in community-dwelling older women has no effect on physical performance, balance and social participation. H1: Group-based multimodal exercise training combined with Otago home-based exercise program in community-dwelling older women has positive effects on physical performance, balance and social participation. Within the scope of the study, the exercise program will be carried out 3 days a week and for 16 weeks; * One day a week under the supervision of a physiotherapist, in the form of group exercise training in the center * Two days a week, the Otago Home Exercise Program will be conducted non-supervised at the participants' homes. Within the scope of group exercise training, it is planned to implement a program of approximately 45-60 minutes, including warm-up, strengthening, balance and cool-down exercises. The control group will not be included in any exercise application, if they wish, they can be recruited in the same program after 16 weeks. In addition, all participants will be given a training in which they will be informed about the risk of falling. There will be 2 evaluations at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 16-week program. Within the scope of the study, participants' balance, walking speed, muscle strength, fear of falling, participation, life satisfaction and loneliness parameters will be evaluated. At the end of this study, the change in balance, walking speed, muscle strength, fear of falling, participation, life satisfaction and loneliness in community-dwelling older women will be evaluated by applying the group-based multimodal exercise training combined with Otago home-based exercise program including strengthening and balance exercises. The original aspect of this study is the presentation of the results to be obtained by combining the effect of group exercise that creates opportunities for social interaction with the structure of the home based Otago exercise program that ensures its sustainability in the home environment.
Within the scope of the program, which will last for 16 weeks, 3 days a week, a total of 48 sessions will be held. The program will be held one day a week with a maximum of 8 participants, under the supervision of a physiotherapist, in the Kadıköy Municipality Social Life House, in the form of group exercise training, and two days a week at the participants' homes, with the implementation of the Otago Home Exercise Program unattended. Participants will be informed that the program should be implemented on non-consecutive days. All warm-up and strengthening exercises will be applied in combination with breathing. While the home exercise program is being taught to the patients, information will be given about the situations where the exercise is contraindicated and should be stopped. Within the scope of group exercise training, it is planned to implement a structured program of approximately 45-60 minutes, including warm-up, strengthening, balance and cooling exercises. The control group will not be included in any exercise application, and they will be informed that they can participate in the same program after 16 weeks if they prefer. At the same time, a one-session training will be given to all participants in the application and control groups at the Kadıköy Municipality Social Life House, where information about the factors that increase the risk of falling and house arrangements will be provided.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
76
Each exercise in the warm-up and cool-down protocols consisting of active movements and static stretching exercises will be performed as 1 set and 10 repetitions. Active movements will be performed for 10 seconds. The detailed protocol is shown below. Neck flexion/extension/lateral flexion Circles made with the head chin-tuck Backward bilateral shoulder circumduction Shoulder external rotation with hands clasped at neck Circles with wrists clasped clockwise and counterclockwise Reciprocal upper extremity flexion-extension cat-camel Trunk lateral flexion with hands clasped overhead Trunk rotation in both directions Ankle dorsi/plantar flexion with knee extension Static Stretching Exercises Neck lateral flexor stretch Posterior capsule stretching Hands clasped trunk flexion lateral Trunk lateral flexion with hands clasped Trunk rotation in both directions Knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor stretching by reaching for toes
The progression of the strengthening program will be achieved by gradually changing the number of repetitions, sets, resistance and the number of exercises. 1-6 Weeks Upper extremity strengthening in unilateral PNF D2 pattern, Scapulothoracic strengthening with shoulder extension in elbow extension, Scapulothoracic strengthening with shoulder extension in elbow flexion, hip flexor strengthening, Hip abductor strengthening in knee flexion, when sit on the chair fingertip ups and downs 7-12 Weeks Added exercises Scapular adductor strengthening with shoulders in horizontal abduction position, Shoulder adductor strengthening in elbow extension with trunk lateral flexion in arms overhead position, hip abductor strengthening 13-16 Weeks Added exercises Shoulder abductor/flexor strengthening in the scapular plane, Elbow flexor strengthening, Upper extremity strengthening in unilateral PNF D2 pattern with trunk rotation, Taking a lateral step in a mini-squat position
Balance exercises will be applied following the strengthening exercises. The exercises will be gradually made more difficult. Participants will be encouraged to complete the balance exercises by standing next to the grab bar and with as little support as possible. 1-6. Week Rising and falling on the heels Hands at waist trunk extension hip abduction 6-9. Week Hip abduction and extension without lowering the foot to the ground, respectively 5 sec stop on tiptoe 5 seconds standing on one leg 10-12. Week Abduction, extension, and flexion of the hips without lowering the foot to the ground, respectively. 5 sec stop on tiptoe 10 sec stop on tiptoe 5 seconds standing on one leg 10 seconds standing on one leg 13-16. Week Abduction, extension, and flexion of the hips without lowering the foot to the ground, respectively. 10 sec stop on tiptoe 15 sec stop on tiptoe 10 seconds standing on one leg 15 seconds standing on one leg
The exercises included in the Otago Home Exercise Program will be taught to the participants after the group exercise session held at the Social Life Center. At the same time, home exercise training will be supported by brochures and videos. In addition to the exercises in the program, participants will be asked to do 30 minutes of moderate-intensity walking 2 days a week. Participants will be asked to record the exercises they did during the week in the exercise diary given to them. Balance Exercises 1. Knee bend (half squat) 2. Walking backwards 3. Walk and turn around 4. Sideways walking 5. Tandem stance 6. Tandem walking 7. Standing on one leg 8. Walking on the heel 9. Toe walking 10. Tandem walking backwards 11. Sit down 12. Going up and down stairs Strengthening Exercises 1\. Knee extension 2. Knee flexion 3. Hip abduction 4. Ankle plantar flexion 5. Ankle dorsiflexion
Istanbul Arel University
Istanbul, Zeytinburnu, Turkey (Türkiye)
4-meter Walk Test
4 meter Walk Test: The person will be asked to walk the 4-meter distance at his normal speed as in his daily life, and the walking time of the 4-meter distance will be recorded in seconds. This measurement will be utilized to obtain Brief Physical Performance Scale scoring.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
5 Times Sit and Stand Test
5 times sit and stand test: The patient sits with his arms crossed over his shoulders and his back against a chair. With the "Start" command, the patient is expected to stand up and sit up quickly five times from the standard chair. The elapsed time will be measured with a stopwatch and recorded in seconds. This measurement will be utilized to obtain Brief Physical Performance Scale scoring.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
One Foot Balance Test
Single Leg Balance Test: the participant will be asked to stand on one leg while the knee is in 90° flexion. The stopwatch will be recorded time in seconds. The test will be terminated if the elder's upper foot touches the ground. Separate measurements are made for both extremities. This measurement will be utilized to obtain Brief Physical Performance Scale scoring.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Tandem Balance Test
Tandem Balance Test: The elder will be asked to stand for 10 seconds with one foot in front of the other. Right leg first and left leg first will be measured separately. This measurement will be utilized to obtain Brief Physical Performance Scale scoring.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Semi-tandem Balance Test
Semi-Tandem Balance Test: The elder will be asked to stand for 10 seconds with the heel of one foot beside the other's big toe. Right leg first and the left leg first will be measured separately. This measurement will be utilized to obtain Brief Physical Performance Scale scoring.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Timed Get Up and Go Test
Timed Get Up and Go Test In the timed get up and go test, a point was marked 3 m from the chair where the participant was sitting. The participant will be asked to get up from the chair and walk 3 m and return to sit on the chair again, and the time to complete the test will be measured with a stopwatch. Times of fourteen seconds or more will be considered as a high risk of falling (Podsiadlo, 1991).
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Fear of falling (Activity-Specific Balance Confidence Scale)
Activity-Specific Balance Confidence Scale Individuals are asked 16 questions about daily living activities inside and outside the home. These activities are; daily activities such as walking around the house, going up and down the stairs, getting on and off the vehicle, climbing uphill, walking in the crowd, walking on the icy pavement, reaching for things at head and eye level in the house. Turkish validity and reliability were established (Karapolat, 2010). For each question, individuals are asked to rate their confidence in the activity between 0 and 100%. These values will be added and divided by 16 and the nearest decimal value will be accepted as the value of the scale. The higher the score, the higher the balance confidence of the individuals.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Hand grip strength (Jamar)
The Jamar hand dynamometer, which is recommended by the American Association of Hand Therapists (AETD) and has high validity and reliability in many studies, and therefore accepted as the gold standard, will be used to measure hand grip strength. Measurement of hand grip and finger grip strengths, which is the standard position recommended by AETD; in sitting position, shoulder in adduction and neutral rotation, elbow in 90º flexion, forearm in midrotation and supported, and wrist in neutral. In the test procedure, 2 measurements will be made with one minute intervals between each measurement for hand grip and finger grip strengths and the averages will be recorded (Rothstein, 1993).
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Quadriceps isometric strength (Microfet)
Quadriceps Isometric Strength Assessment Microfet 3 hand dynamometer will be used for quadriceps muscle strength. Subjects will be seated in a chair with high armrests, with their knees and hips flexed to 90 degrees. Subjects will be asked to straighten their knees using all their strength, with the hand dynamometer above the ankle. Three separate measurements will be made for the right and left Quadriceps. They will be asked to rest for 10 seconds between each measurement to avoid fatigue. Verbal instructions for each test will be standardized and a loud command will be given: "Push as hard as you can, as hard as you can, as hard as you can" (Deones, 1994).
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
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Fall rating (How many times have you fallen in the last 6 months? Have you been injured after falling?)
The number of falling in the past 6 months and fall-related injuries of participants will be questioned.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Participation (World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Elderly Module-WHOQL-OLD)
WHOQL-OLD (Participation) The dimension of "social participation" especially describes being able to participate in daily life activities in society. The WHOQOL-OLD module consists of 24 questions in six dimensions, the answers of which are determined by a five-point Likert scale. These six dimensions are: "sensory functions" (questions 1, 2, 10 and 20), "Autonomy" (questions 3, 4, 5 and 11), "Past, Present, Future Activities" (12, 13, 15) and 19), "Social participation" (questions 14, 16, 17 and 18), "death and dying" (questions 6, 7, 8 and 9) and "Intimacy" (Questions 21, 22, 23 and 24) numbered questions). Possible dimension scores range from 4-20. In addition, the "total score" can be calculated by adding the individual score values. As the score increases, the quality of life also improves (Eser, 2010).
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Satisfaction with Life (Satisfaction with Life Scale)
Life Satisfaction Scale Diener et al. (1985) and adapted into Turkish by Yetim (1993), the 'Satisfaction with Life Scale' was used. The scale consisting of 5 items; It was prepared in 7-point Likert type and scoring was done accordingly. Likert options "Strongly Disagree (1)", "Disagree (2)", "Partly Disagree (3)", "Undecided (4)", "Partly Agree (5)", "Agree (6)" and "Strongly Agree" It is listed as (7)". The highest score that can be obtained from the scale is 35 (Dağlı, 2016).
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment
Loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale- Short Form)
UCLA Loneliness Scale- Short Form UCLA-KF is the short form of the scale developed by Russell, Peplau and Cutrona (1980) to determine the general loneliness levels of individuals, and converted into short form by Hays and DiMatteo (1987). The adaptation of the scale to Turkish culture was done by Yıldız and Duy (2014) (Doğan, 2011). UCLA-KF consists of 7 items and should be scored on a 4-point Likert scale. The scoring of the statements in the scale ranges from "Never (1)" to "Always (4)". The lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 7, and the highest score is 28. An increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates an increase in the level of loneliness.
Time frame: Change from initial of the treatment at 16 weeks of treatment